Työnantajabrändin houkuttelevuus sosiaalisessa mediassa potentiaalisen työntekijän näkökulmasta

Tiivistelmä. Tämä kandidaatintutkielma käsittelee työnantajabrändin houkuttelevuutta sosiaalisessa mediassa potentiaalisen työntekijän näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen avulla rakennetaan syvällinen ymmärrys työnantajabrändin houkuttelevuuden rakentumisesta sosiaalisessa mediassa. Työnantajabrändiä, työnantajabrändin houkuttelevuutta ja sosiaalista mediaa on tutkittu laajasti eri näkökulmista yksittäisinä tutkimusaiheina, mutta aiheita yhdistävää tutkimusta on vasta vähän saatavilla. Integroivana kirjallisuuskatsauksena tämä tutkimus rakentaa aiempiin teorioihin pohjautuvan uuden teoreettisen viitekehyksen, jolla kuvataan työnantajabrändin houkuttelevuuden rakentumista sosiaalisessa mediassa. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että työantajabrändin houkuttelevuus rakentuu työnantajabrändäyksen ulkoisen prosessin lopputulemana. Työnantajabrändäyksen nähdään tuottavan potentiaaliselle työntekijälle työnantajabrändin mielleyhtymiä, joiden pohjalta potentiaalinen työntekijä muodostaa työnantajakuvan. Työnantajabrändin mielleyhtymät voidaan jakaa symbolisiin ja välineellisiin tekijöihin, joista symbolisia tekijöitä korostamalla luodaan erottuva ja houkutteleva työnantajabrändi. Symbolisilla tekijöillä viitataan tunnepohjaisiin kokemuksiin ja merkityksiin, joihin potentiaalinen työntekijä voi samaistua. Työnantajabrändin mielleyhtymien pohjalta muodostuva työnantajakuva ilmentää lopulta potentiaalisen työntekijän kokemaa työnantajabrändin houkuttelevuutta. Sosiaalinen media houkuttelevan työnantajabrändin viestintäkanavana painottaa työnantajabrändiviestinnän vuorovaikutteisuutta yrityksen ja potentiaalisen työntekijän välillä. Tutkimus osoittaa, että työnantajabrändin houkuttelevuus syntyy sosiaalisessa mediassa kohdennetun viestinnän kautta. Lisäksi nähdään, että yritykseltä kumpuavan työnantajabrändiviestinnän ohella potentiaaliset työntekijät vakuuttuvat vertaisviestinnästä referenssiryhmiensä kanssa. Tutkimuksen teoreettisena kontribuutiona integroivaan synteesiin pohjautuen muodostetaan uusi teoreettinen viitekehys työnantajabrändin houkuttelevuuden rakentumisesta sosiaalisessa mediassa

Airborne DNA reveals predictable spatial and seasonal dynamics of fungi.

Fungi are among the most diverse and ecologically important kingdoms in life. However, the distributional ranges of fungi remain largely unknown as do the ecological mechanisms that shape their distributions1,2. To provide an integrated view of the spatial and seasonal dynamics of fungi, we implemented a globally distributed standardized aerial sampling of fungal spores3. The vast majority of operational taxonomic units were detected within only one climatic zone, and the spatiotemporal patterns of species richness and community composition were mostly explained by annual mean air temperature. Tropical regions hosted the highest fungal diversity except for lichenized, ericoid mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi, which reached their peak diversity in temperate regions. The sensitivity in climatic responses was associated with phylogenetic relatedness, suggesting that large-scale distributions of some fungal groups are partially constrained by their ancestral niche. There was a strong phylogenetic signal in seasonal sensitivity, suggesting that some groups of fungi have retained their ancestral trait of sporulating for only a short period. Overall, our results show that the hyperdiverse kingdom of fungi follows globally highly predictable spatial and temporal dynamics, with seasonality in both species richness and community composition increasing with latitude. Our study reports patterns resembling those described for other major groups of organisms, thus making a major contribution to the long-standing debate on whether organisms with a microbial lifestyle follow the global biodiversity paradigms known for macroorganisms4,5

Diagnosing and Managing Velopharyngeal Insufficiency in Patients With Cleft Palate After Primary Palatoplasty

Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) after palatoplasty is caused by improper anatomy preventing velopharyngeal closure and manifests as a hypernasal resonance, audible nasal emissions, weak pressure consonants, compensatory articulation, reduced speech loudness, and nostril or facial grimacing. A multidisciplinary team using multimodal instruments (speech analysis, nasoendoscopy, videofluoroscopy, nasometry, and magnetic resonance imaging) to evaluate velopharyngeal function should manage these patients. Careful monitoring of velopharyngeal function by a speech pathologist remains paramount for early identification of VPI and the perceptual assessment should follow a standardized protocol. The greatest methodology problem in CLP studies has been the use of highly variable speech samples making comparison of published results impossible. It is hoped that ongoing international collaborative efforts to standardize procedures for collection and analysis of perceptual data will help this issue. Speech therapy is the mainstay treatment for velopharyngeal mislearning and compensatory articulation, but it cannot improve hypernasality, nasal emissions, or weak pressure consonants, and surgery is the definitive treatment for VPI. Although many surgical methods are available, there is no conclusive data to guide procedure choice. The goal of this review article is to present a review of established diagnostic and management techniques of VPI.Peer reviewe

How Early Can We Predict the Need for VPI Surgery?

Background:Velopharyngeal dimensions change as a child with cleft palate (CP) grows. The aim of this study was to assess if the decision for velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) surgery can be made by the age of 3 years among CP children with moderate-to-severe VPI. In addition, we sought to clarify if speech therapy before VPI surgery is beneficial for VPI speech characteristics. Methods:This retrospective study reviewed documentation of children with moderate-to-severe VPI at age 3 years who did not undergo VPI surgery until age 5 years. Based on the national cleft register, 959 patients with syndromic and nonsyndromic CP were treated by the craniofacial team at Helsinki University Hospital, Finland between 2000 and 2014. Eighty-six patients fulfilled the study inclusion criteria. The speech pathologist evaluated velopharyngeal function at age 3, 5, and 8 years. Results:Of the 86 children presenting with moderate-to-severe VPI at age 3 years, 94% still had moderate-to-severe VPI at age 5 years, even though speech therapy was offered to 77%. Of those whose velopharyngeal function improved by age 5 years, function regressed to incompetent over time. Overall, 93% underwent VPI surgery and 82% underwent VPI surgery between ages 5 and 8 years. Only 23% at age 8 years still had moderate-to-severe VPI. Speech therapy alone did not improve VPI speech characteristics. Conclusions:Moderate-to-severe VPI did not improve from 3 to 5 years or improved but subsequently relapsed. This suggests that the decision for VPI surgery can be made for children aged 3 years with moderate-to-severe VPI.Peer reviewe