Influencia de las compensaciones en el Clima Laboral de los trabajadores del Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Matagalpa, durante el año 2013

El presente documento tiene como objetivo el estudio del clima laboral de las empresas productivas y de servicio en el municipio de Matagalpa, en el periodo 2013, con el propósito de identificar, describir y analizar los tipos de compensaciones los que le permitirán a la empresa conocer posibles irregularidades presentadas respecto a la temática abordada y así tomar medidas para mejorar las deficiencias. La investigación contenida presenta información valiosa de forma analítica y descriptiva enfocado en la influencia de las compensaciones en el clima laboral de los trabajadores del Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria, lo que nos permitirá identificar los procesos utilizados para la elaboración de la escala salarial, la valuación de puestos, los tipos de compensaciones financieras y el sistema de compensaciones no financieras. En el proceso de elaboración de este documento fue necesaria la recolección de información a través de instrumentos como la entrevista dirigida al director, administrador y responsable de recursos humanos y encuestas aplicadas al personal que labora para esta institución con el fin de analizar y darle repuestas a los objetivos planteados. El estudio nos demuestra que a pesar que existe una gran fortaleza con relación a los planes de compensaciones financiera indirecta (bonificaciones y beneficios sociales) se observa que existe mucha inconformidad con relación a los salarios, ya que los cargos no se les asignan el valor que realmente se debería establece

Type species of genera in Aphididae (Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha) with two new generic synonymies

P. 65-68The aphidologist community attending the Seventh International Symposium on Aphids in Fremantle (Western Australia, 2005) entrusted to us the preparation of a Part of the List of Available Names in Zoology devoted to the aphid genus-group taxa names, and this to be presented at the subsequent aphid symposium. During the course of our work (Nieto Nafría et al. 2009), we checked each genus to make sure its type species designation conformed to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999) ―henceforth The Code and The Commission―, and that these designations were correctly represented in the literature, especially the two most recent taxonomic catalogues (Eastop & Hille Ris Lambers 1976; Remaudière & Remaudière 1997). Previous authors have used most of the procedures of type fixation enumerated in The Code, The Commission itself has used its Plenary Powers to fix six type species, and 11 genus-group names remain without types (Table 1). In the recent aphid taxonomic catalogues (Eastop & Hille Ris Lambers op. cit.; Remaudière & Remaudière op. cit.), we found three errors caused by mistakes propagated in the literature and two errors caused by incorrect application of Article 11 of The Code. We have also found that in the case of 11 names, the criteria of Article 70.3 of The Code were not met, and regardless, earlier editions of The Code did not allow type designations of that kind (see the last paragraph of the example in Article 70.3). This article corrects the five errors and conforms the 11 aphid type species designations to the nomenclatural standards of The Code.S

Comparative morphology of the forewing base articulationin Sternorrhyncha compared with a representative of Fulgoromorpha (Insecta, Hemiptera)

The forewing articulation of single species from each of the four subgroups of Sternorrhyncha (Aleyrodomorpha, Aphidomorpha, Coccomorpha, Psyllomorpha) was examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The species were compared with a species of Cixiidae (Fulgoromorpha), as an outgroup of Sternorrhyncha. We present the results of a comparative analysis of the forewing articulation in these five groups, propose a standardized terminology and compare our findings with those previously reported. The wing base of all examined species is composed of the following structures: anterior and posterior notal wing process, first, second, and third axillary sclerites, tegula, and axillary cord. The number of elements included in the wing base and the surrounding area is the greatest in Cacopsylla mali, the most complicated species from Sternorrhyncha. Based on the shape of axillary sclerites and the number of elements forming the wing base environment, Orthezia urticae (Coccomorpha) and Cixius nervosus (Fulgoromorpha) are the most similar. Among Sternorrhyncha, the most similar axillaries are those of Aphis fabae and Orthezia urticae, which is congruent with existing classifications. In this paper we show that the four groups from Sternorrhyncha exhibit their own distinct wing base morphology

In memoriam – Yuri Aleksandrovicz Popov

On 16th November 2016, Yuri Alexandrovich Popov, the world-renowned palaeontologist passed away. His specialisms were the morphology, taxonomy and phylogeny of insects, particularly Heteroptera and Coleorrhyncha. His work was devoted to both modern and fossil insects. [fragm. tekstu

A new family of aphids (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha) from the Lower Cretaceous of Baissa, Transbaikalia

The family Rasnitsynaphididae fam. n. has a unique combination of characters: 9-segmented antennae; rhinaria arranged in many transverse rows, surrounding the antennal segments; segment IX narrower than other segments of flagellum, always without rhinaria; cubitus branches separated; ovipositor present; siphuncular pores absent. The new family comprises the genus Rasnitsynaphis gen. n. with three species, R. ennearticulata sp. n., R. coniuncta sp. n., and R. quadrata sp. n., all from the Lower Cretaceous of Transbaikalia

Creaphididae, A New and the Oldest Aphid Family From the Triassic of Middle Asia

The only aphid specimen recorded in pre-Jurassic strata is the holotype forewing of Triassoaphis cubitus, which has not been referred to any family (Evans 1956. Heie 1987). Recently, another specimen has been discovered among numerous Triassic Homoptera collected in the rich locality. Dzhailou-Tcho (South Fergana, Middle Asia), and deposited in the Paleontological Institute (Moscow). According to paleobotanical data, the locality is of Ladinian-Carnian age, i.e., roughly synchronous or somewhat older than Carnian Ipswich Group (Dobruskina 1982) that harboured Triassoaphis. The newly found aphid is very primitive and peculiar enough to merit new family status

Morphological and histological study of the forewing of Orthezia urticae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha)

Wings of Orthezia urticae males were studied. Both ventral and dorsal surfaces of wings were examined under light and scanning electron microscopes. The structure regarded as vein cubitus anterior turned out to be a reinforcement element only. Two elements known as radius sector and media are almost transparent depressions in the wing membrane. Veins at the margin of the fold of the wing anal lobe were not confirmed. Studies indicated a row of sensilla cupola at the beginning of the subcostal ridge. Cross sections of the wing membrane showed a two-layered membrane. The presence of two veins was confirmed in a common stem – subcostal and radius. The change of common stem shape was described. Neither tracheae nor nerves were observed. This is the second paper on cross-sections of wing within Sternorrhyncha