Investigation of Engine Oil-cooling Problem during Idle Conditions on Pusher Type Turbo Prop Aircraft.

Aircraft engines need a cooling system to keep the engine oil well within the temperature limits for continuous operation. The aircraft selected for this study is a typical pusher type Light Transport Aircraft (LTA) having twin turbo prop engines mounted at the aft end of the fuselage. Due to the pusher propeller configuration, effective oil cooling is a critical issue, especially during low-speed ground operations like engine idling and also in taxiing and initial climb. However, the possibility of utilizing the inflow induced by the propeller for oil cooling is the subject matter of investigation in this work. The oil cooler duct was designed to accommodate the required mass flow, estimated using the oil cooler performance graph. A series of experiments were carried out with and without oil cooler duct attached to the nacelle, in order to investigate the mass flow induced by the propeller and its adequacy to cool the engine oil. Experimental results show that the oil cooler positioned at roughly 25 % of the propeller radius from the nacelle center line leads to adequate cooling, without incorporating additional means. Furthermore, it is suggested to install a NACA scoop to minimize spillage drag by increasing pressure recovery

Developing application and detection methods for Listeria monocytogenes and fish extract on open surfaces in order to optimize cleaning protocols

© 2014 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Surfaces in the food industry are often fouled with bacteria and organic materials. A range of fouling and testing methods using two Listeria monocytogenes strains (Scott A and N53-1) and organic material (0.4 g/ml fish extract) were designed to determine the efficacy of two different cleaning methods (spray and wipe) in 1% sodium hypochlorite. The optimum method for applying the cells and organic material to substrata occurred when the cells and organic material were mixed together, dried onto the surface and stained. As the number of cleaning and re-foulings increased, cells were removed from the surfaces but the organic material remained. The pattern of organic material retention was different on the surfaces with the different cleaning protocols, but neither method was better at removing the retained organic material. More cells were removed from the surfaces by the spray than the spray with wipe clean. There was no difference in cell number retention for either of the L. monocytogenes strains. These findings are valid for a 'dirty material' as classified in BS EN1276. To determine cleaning method efficacy, the application of cells and organic material to a surface is important, as is the detection methods used

Linking Distributive and Procedural Justice to Employee Engagement Through Social Exchange: A Field Study in India

Research linking justice perceptions to employee outcomes has referred to social exchange as its central theoretical premise. We tested a conceptual model linking distributive and procedural justice to employee engagement through social exchange mediators, namely, perceived organizational support and psychological contract, among 238 managers and executives from manufacturing and service sector firms in India. Findings suggest that perceived organizational support mediated the relationship between distributive justice and employee engagement, and both perceived organizational support and psychological contract mediated the relationship between procedural justice and employee engagement. Theoretical and practical implications with respect to organizational functions are discussed

<span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Growth, survival and length weight relationship of<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-US"> Fenneropenaeus<span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style:italic" lang="EN-US"> <span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">merguiensis</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> at two different stocking densities in low saline zero water exchange brackishwater ponds</span></span>

1955-1966<span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:="" "times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"="" lang="EN-US">An  onstation trial of banana shrimp, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis was conducted for 130 days in zero water exchange brackishwater ponds at two stocking densities, 10 (T10) and 20 (T20) nos. m<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:="" "times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-US">-2<span style="font-size:9.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:calibri;="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"="" lang="EN-US">. Water parameters like total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), NO2-N and NO3-N did not differ significantly (p>0.05) among treatments while T20 had significantly higher (P4-P  and significantly lower (P<0.01) dissolved oxygen compared with T10.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"> At the end of grow out period, banana shrimp reached a final average body weight of 14.1±0.84 g in T10 and 11.0±0.14 g in T20 with 50.5 % higher (p20 (990±7.07 kg/ha) compared with T10 (658±65.05 kg/ha).  Regression trend for length weight analysis indicated that growth exhibited a positive allometric pattern and female showed better condition factor than male in both the treatments. Similar Fulton condition factors observed in both the treatments reflects better feed utilization and suitable culture environment even at higher stocking density.  Present findings elucidate the potentials of high density culture of banana shrimp in coastal districts in India.</span

Growth performance of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in substrate based zerowater exchange system

1495-1503To evaluate the effect of periphyton based system, an on–station grow-out trial of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon was carried out for 130 days using with (Ts) and without (Tc) submerged substrates. P. monodon was stocked at 8 nos. m-2, and bamboo substrates (1.8 × 0.06 m) were fixed in treatment ponds @ 2000 numbers ha-1 for development of periphyton. Provision of substrate increased the transparency (p<0.01) and reduced the turbidity (p<0.05) in treatment ponds compared to control. Similarly, comparatively lower level of total ammonia –N and nitrate–N were recorded in substrate based ponds compared to control. Periphyton biomass in terms of dry matter and ash free dry matter over substrates were 5.9±0.7 and 3.0±0.4 mg cm–2 respectively. Chlorophyll a level in water column was 15.22±6.97 and 19.06±8.68 µg L-1 in Ts and Tc ponds respectively. At the end of the grow out trial, a higher average production of 1640 kg ha-1 with an average body weight (ABW) 25.85±2.62 g was obtained in Ts compared with control, Tc (1390 kg ha-1 production and 22.00 ±2.83 g ABW). About, 29% improvement in feed conversion ratio (1.15±0.42) noticed in substrate based ponds compared to control ponds (1.48±0.02). Regression trend for length–weight analysis indicated that growth exhibited an isometric pattern with better Fulton condition factor (0.83) in tiger shrimp reared in substrate based system than in control ponds (0.82). Better growth performance of tiger shrimp in substrate based system indicates utilisation of available natural food and natural productivity as periphyton by cultured shrimps