248 research outputs found

    The Core Mass Growth and Stellar Lifetime of Thermally Pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars

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    We establish new constraints on the intermediate-mass range of the initial-final mass relation by studying white dwarfs in four young star clusters, and apply the results to study the evolution of stars on the thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch (TP-AGB). We show that the stellar core mass on the AGB grows rapidly from 10% to 30% for stars with MinitialM_{\rm initial} = 1.6 to 2.0 MM_\odot. At larger masses, the core-mass growth decreases steadily to \sim10% at MinitialM_{\rm initial} = 3.4 MM_\odot. These observations are in excellent agreement with predictions from the latest TP-AGB evolutionary models in Marigo et al. (2013). We also compare to models with varying efficiencies of the third dredge-up and mass loss, and demonstrate that the process governing the growth of the core is largely the stellar wind, while the third dredge-up plays a secondary, but non-negligible role. Based on the new white dwarf measurements, we perform an exploratory calibration of the most popular mass-loss prescriptions in the literature. Finally, we estimate the lifetime and the integrated luminosity of stars on the TP-AGB to peak at tt \sim 3 Myr and EE = 1.2 ×\times 1010^{10} LL_\odot yr for MinitialM_{\rm initial} \sim 2 MM_\odot (tt \sim 2 Myr for luminosities brighter than the RGB tip at log(L/L)\log(L/L_{\odot}) >> 3.4), decreasing to tt = 0.4 Myr and EE = 6.1 ×\times 109^{9} LL_\odot yr for stars with MinitialM_{\rm initial} \sim 3.5 MM_\odot. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to general population synthesis studies that require correct modeling of the TP-AGB phase of stellar evolution.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in Ap

    Editorial: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives on Emerging Bioelectrochemical Technologies

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    The increasing demand for energy worldwide, currently evaluated at 13 terawatts per year, has triggered a surge in research on alternative energy sources more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Bio-catalyzed electrochemical systems (BESs) are a rapidly growing biotechnology for sustainable production of bioenergy and/or value-added bioproducts using microorganisms as catalysts for bioelectrochemical reactions at the electrode surface. In the last decades, this biotechnology has been intensively studied and developed as a flexible and practical platform for multiple applications such as electricity production, wastewater treatment, pollutants remediation, desalination and production of biogas, biofuels, or other commodities. BESs could have a critical impact on societies in many spheres of activity and become one of the solutions to reform our petroleum-based economy. However, BESs research has so far been limited to lab scale with the notable exceptions of pilot scale microbial fuel cells for brewery and winery wastewater treatment coupled with electricity generation. In general, more knowledge has to be acquired to overcome the issues that are stymieing BESs development and commercialization. For example, it is critical to understand better microbial physiology including the mechanisms responsible for the transfer of electrons between the microbes and the electrodes to start optimizing the systems in a more rational manner. There are many BES processes and for each one of them there is a multitude of biological and electrochemical specifications to investigate and adjust such as the nature of the microbial platform, electrode materials, the reactor design, the substrate, the medium composition, and the operating conditions. The ultimate goal is to develop highly energy efficient BESs with a positive footprint on the environment while maintaining low cost and generating opportunities to create value. BESs are complex systems developed with elements found in multiple fields of science such as microbiology, molecular biology, bioinformatics, biochemistry, electrochemistry, material science and environmental engineering. Given the high volume of research activities going on in the field of BESs today, this e-book explores the current challenges, the more recent progresses, and the future perspectives of BESs technologies. The BESs discussed here include microbial fuel cells, microbial electrolysis cells, microbial electrosynthesis cells, microbial electroremediation cells, etc

    The Onset of Convective Coupling and Freezing in the White Dwarfs of 47 Tucanae

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    Using images from the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys, we measure the rate of cooling of white dwarfs in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae and compare it to modelled cooling curves. We examine the effects of the outer convective envelope reaching the nearly isothermal degenerate core and the release of latent heat during core crystallisation on the white dwarf cooling rates. For white dwarfs typical of 47 Tuc, the onset of these effects occur at similar times. The latent heat released during crystallisation is a small heat source. In contrast, the heat reservoir of the degenerate core is substantially larger. When the convective envelope reaches the nearly isothermal interior of the white dwarf, the star becomes brighter than it would be in the absence of this effect. Our modelled cooling curves that include this convective coupling closely match the observed luminosity function of the white dwarfs in 47 Tuc.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. Submitted to MNRA

    Carbon dredge-up required to explain the Gaia white dwarf colour-magnitude bifurcation

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    The Gaia colour--magnitude diagram reveals a striking separation between hydrogen-atmosphere white dwarfs and their helium-atmosphere counterparts throughout a significant portion of the white dwarf cooling track. However, pure-helium atmospheres have Gaia magnitudes that are too close to the pure-hydrogen case to explain this bifurcation. To reproduce the observed split in the cooling sequence, it has been shown that trace amounts of hydrogen and/or metals must be present in the helium-dominated atmospheres of hydrogen-deficient white dwarfs. Yet, a complete explanation of the Gaia bifurcation that takes into account known constraints on the spectral evolution of white dwarfs has thus far not been proposed. In this work, we attempt to provide such a holistic explanation by performing population synthesis simulations coupled with state-of-the-art model atmospheres and evolutionary calculations that account for element transport in the envelopes of white dwarfs. By relying on empirically grounded assumptions, these simulations successfully reproduce the bifurcation. We show that the convective dredge-up of optically undetectable traces of carbon from the deep interior is crucial to account for the observations. Neither the convective dilution/mixing of residual hydrogen nor the accretion of hydrogen or metals can be the dominant drivers of the bifurcation. Finally, we emphasize the importance of improving theoretical models for the average ionization level of carbon in warm dense helium, which governs the shape of the diffusive tail of carbon and in turn the predicted amount of dredged-up carbon.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, minor changes following reports from reviewer

    Initial-final mass relation from white dwarfs within 40 pc

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    We present an initial-final mass relation derived from the spectroscopically-complete volume-limited 40 pc sample of white dwarfs. The relation is modelled using population synthesis methods to derive an initial stellar population which can be fit to the observed mass distribution of white dwarfs. The population synthesis accounts for binary evolution, where higher-mass white dwarfs are more likely to be merger products than their lower-mass counterparts. Uncertainties are accounted from the initial mass function, stellar metallicity and age of the Galactic disc. We also consider biases induced by the spectral type of the white dwarf where pure-hydrogen atmosphere white dwarfs are likely to have more accurate masses, whilst the full white dwarf sample will have fewer biases arising from spectral evolution. We provide a four-piece segmented linear regression using Monte Carlo methods to sample the 1-σ\sigma range of uncertainty on the initial stellar population. The derived initial-final mass relation provides a self-consistent determination of the progenitor mass for white dwarfs in the Solar neighbourhood which will be useful to study the local stellar formation history.Comment: Eleven pages. Accepted for publication in MNRA

    Pratiques de lecture et patrimoine lettré dans la bibliothèque de la Maison Louis-Bertrand d'après l'inventaire des livres publiés avant 1915

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    RÉSUMÉ: L'objectif de ce mémoire est de documenter les pratiques de lecture d'une famille bourgeoise en milieu rural au XIXe siècle à partir de la classification, de la reconstitution historique et de l'analyse patrimoniale de la bibliothèque de la Maison Louis-Bertrand de L'Isle-Verte. L'échantillon des 632 titres parus avant 1915 a été réparti selon la grille Furet-Roche et selon les données éditoriales des livres, puis comparé à d'autres collections de livres de l'époque. Il s'avère que les Bertrand ont des lectures représentatives de leur profil socioprofessionnel et conformes aux recommandations de Mgr Jean Langevin, sauf en ce qui concerne l'absence d'ouvrages de référence de droit et de jurisprudence et l'abondance de romans en anglais. Le dépouillement des marques de possession donne un aperçu de l'évolution de la bibliothèque de la première à la troisième génération et révèle un vaste réseau de circulation du livre dans toute la province. Les alliances matrimoniales sont un facteur de diversification dans cette collection dont la dynamique familiale laisse une grande place aux livres pour la jeunesse. Une attention spéciale est portée aux parcours scolaires des Bertrand. Le sommet quantitatif de l'échantillon se situe un peu avant 1900, en raison surtout de l'intérêt des jeunes adultes de la troisième génération pour les romans populaires. L'importance patrimoniale de cette collection repose sur la participation de la famille Bertrand aux instituts littéraires de L'Isle-Verte et sur les processus de transmission des pratiques de lecture d'une génération à l'autre. Les livres de la bibliothèque sont le support de l'autoreprésentation de la famille dans la mémoire collective, en particulier grâce aux notes biographiques écrites dans les pages de garde de certains volumes. La logique de rangement et d'exposition des livres dans la maison illustre différentes conceptions de la culture lettrée, comme dans la chambre des bonnes où des lectures légères sont conservées comme des artéfacts du quotidien dans des boîtes sous un lit, ce qui contraste avec la bibliothèque vitrée où sont mis en valeur les livres récompense, les livres anciens et d'autres canadiana rares. -- Mot(s) clé(s) en français : Bibliothèque, lecture, histoire, patrimoine, culture, littérature, Maison Louis-Bertrand. -- ABSTRACT: The purpose of this master's thesis is to document the reading practices of a bourgeois family in a rural area during 19th century from the classification, the reconstruction and the heritage analysis of the book collection in the Louis-Bertrand's House at L'Isle-Verte. The sample of 632 titles published before 1915 has been classified according to the Furet-Roche system and the publication data, and then compared with other book collections from the same time period. It turns out that the Bertrand's readings are representative of their socio-professional profile and in accordance with the advices of Bishop Jean Langevin, except for the absence of reference works from law and jurisprudence and the abundance of novels in English. The possession marks' compilation gives an overview of the library's evolution from the first to the third generation, and reveals a wide network of book circulation within the whole province. Matrimonial alliances are a diversification factor in this collection wherein a family dynamic leaves a large place for youth's books. A special care is taken of the Bertrand's school paths. The sample's quantitative peak arrives a little before 1900, mainly because of the third generation young adults' interest for popular novels. This collection's heritage significance is based on the Bertrand family's contribution to the literary institutes of L'Isle-Verte and on the reading practices transmission processes between generations. The books are the instrument for the family's self-representation in collective memory, in particular due to biographical notes written in certain volumes' fly-leaves. The logic behind the books' storage and exposure in the house illustrates different conceptions of literate culture, for example the maids' room where shallow readings are kept as everyday artifacts in boxes under a bed, which contrasts with the glass library where the award books, the ancient publications and the rare canadiana in display are highlighted. -- Mot(s) clé(s) en anglais : library, reading, history, heritage, culture, literature, Louis-Bertrand's House

    Nouveau rôle oncogénique pour les virus de l’hépatite B et C : l’altération des événements d’épissage alternatif

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    Le carcinome hépatocellulaire figure parmi les cancers les plus meurtriers et, encore en 2015, les infections aux virus de l'hépatite B et C sont en tête de lice des principales causes d'apparition de cancer du foie. En effet, 80% des cas de carcinomes hépatocellulaires sont attribuables à une infection virale par un de ces deux agents pathogènes. D'un point de vue épidémiologique, le carcinome hépatocellulaire n'est pas celui qui frappe le plus d'individus en Amérique du Nord. En effet, seulement une personne sur 264 sera affectée par ce cancer. Toutefois, il est important de l'étudier en raison de son faible taux de survie, ce qui le classe en cinquième place des cancers les plus meurtriers. Dernièrement, les recherches font mention des modifications dans l'épissage alternatif comme mécanisme d’apparition de plusieurs types de cancer, notamment les cancers du sein, de l'ovaire et de la prostate. C'est pour cette raison que nous avons investigué l'implication des virus de l'hépatite B et C dans l'épissage alternatif de gènes cellulaires, afin de mettre à jour un nouveau mécanisme de carcinogénèse utilisé par les oncovirus pour transformer leurs cellules hôtes. L'étude présentée dans ce mémoire rapporte des changements dans l'épissage alternatif de plusieurs gènes cellulaires, lorsque l’on évalue les patrons d’épissage alternatif des transcrits provenant d’analyse de séquençage d’ARN à haut débit de tumeurs du foie comparativement à des tissus hépatiques sains. Ces analyses ont permis de déterminer certains changements attribuables à la présence de chacun des deux virus hépatotropiques au niveau de l’épissage alternatif, et d’identifier certains changements qui pourraient impliquer la transformation du tissu sain en tissu cancéreux. Il serait intéressant de faire une validation des effets directs d’une protéine virale du virus de l’hépatite B, la protéine trans-activatrice HBx, et de vérifier si la présence de HBx en cellule serait responsable de changements au niveau de l’épissage alternatif de gènes impliqués dans le processus carcinogénique

    Analyse spectroscopique d'étoiles naines blanches riches en hydrogène(DA) : vers des modèles d'atmosphère améliorés sans paramètres libres

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    Le but de cette thèse est de raffiner et de mieux comprendre l'utilisation de la méthode spectroscopique, qui compare des spectres visibles de naines blanches à atmosphère riche en hydrogène (DA) à des spectres synthétiques pour en déterminer les paramètres atmosphériques (température effective et gravité de surface). Notre approche repose principalement sur le développement de modèles de spectres améliorés, qui proviennent eux-mêmes de modèles d'atmosphère de naines blanches de type DA. Nous présentons une nouvelle grille de spectres synthétiques de DA avec la première implémentation cohérente de la théorie du gaz non-idéal de Hummer & Mihalas et de la théorie unifiée de l'élargissement Stark de Vidal, Cooper & Smith. Cela permet un traitement adéquat du chevauchement des raies de la série de Balmer, sans la nécessité d'un paramètre libre. Nous montrons que ces spectres améliorés prédisent des gravités de surface qui sont plus stables en fonction de la température effective. Nous étudions ensuite le problème de longue date des gravités élevées pour les DA froides. L'hypothèse de Bergeron et al., selon laquelle les atmosphères sont contaminées par de l'hélium, est confrontée aux observations. À l'aide de spectres haute résolution récoltés au télescope Keck à Hawaii, nous trouvons des limites supérieures sur la quantité d'hélium dans les atmosphères de près de 10 fois moindres que celles requises par le scénario de Bergeron et al. La grille de spectres conçue dans ces travaux est ensuite appliquée à une nouvelle analyse spectroscopique de l'échantillon de DA du SDSS. Notre approche minutieuse permet de définir un échantillon plus propre et d'identifier un nombre important de naines blanches binaires. Nous déterminons qu'une coupure à un rapport signal-sur-bruit S/N > 15 optimise la grandeur et la qualité de l'échantillon pour calculer la masse moyenne, pour laquelle nous trouvons une valeur de 0.613 masse solaire. Finalement, huit nouveaux modèles 3D de naines blanches utilisant un traitement d'hydrodynamique radiative de la convection sont présentés. Nous avons également calculé des modèles avec la même physique, mais avec une traitement standard 1D de la convection avec la théorie de la longueur de mélange. Un analyse différentielle entre ces deux séries de modèles montre que les modèles 3D prédisent des gravités considérablement plus basses. Nous concluons que le problème des gravités élevées dans les naines blanches DA froides est fort probablement causé par une faiblesse dans la théorie de la longueur de mélange.The goal of this thesis is to refine and to understand better the spectroscopic method, which compares optical spectra of hydrogen-atmosphere white dwarfs (DA) with synthetic spectra to determine the atmospheric parameters (effective temperature and surface gravity). Our approach rests mainly on the development of improved model spectra, which come themselves from DA model atmospheres. We present a new grid of DA synthetic spectra with the first consistent implementation of the non-ideal gas theory of Hummer & Mihalas and the unified theory of Stark broadening from Vidal, Cooper & Smith. This allows for an adequate treatment of the quenching effects in Balmer lines, without the need of a free parameter. We show that these improved spectra predict surface gravities that are much more stable as a function of the effective temperature. We then study the long-standing problem that surface gravities in cool DA stars are significantly higher than those found in hotter DA white dwarfs. The hypothesis of Bergeron et al., according to which the atmospheres are contaminated by small amounts of helium, is constrained with observations. Using high-resolution spectra collected at the Keck in Hawaii, we find superior limits on the helium abundances in the atmospheres that are nearly 10 times lower than those required to sustain the Bergeron et al. scenario. The grid of spectra calculated in this work is then applied to a new spectroscopic analysis of the DA in the SDSS. Our careful analysis allows us to define a cleaner sample and to identify a large number of double degenerates. We find that a cutoff at a signal-to-noise ratio S/N > 15 optimizes the size and quality of the sample for computing the average mass, for which we find a value of 0.613 solar mass. Finally, eight new 3D white dwarf models with a radiative-hydrodynamics treatment of the convection are presented. We also calculated models with the same physics, except for a treatment of the convection with the standard mixing-length theory. A differential analysis between these two sets of models shows that the 3D models predict considerably lower surface gravities. We conclude that the high-log g problem in cool DA white dwarfs is caused by a weakness in the mixing-length theory
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