The echocardiography diagnosis of cor pulmonale in a horse

The authors describe the two-dimensional and Doppler signs that characterize the pulmonary hypertension caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in a horse

Ecocardiografía Doppler en conejos neozelandeses blancos normales

Los autores establecen las ventanas ecocardiográficas para el registro Doppler en conejos neozelandeses blancos normales. Asimismo describen las características de los distintos flujos transvalvulares y determinan valores normales para el tiempo de relajación isovolumétrico (TRIV) del ventrículo izquierdo, la velocidad pico (Vp) y tiempo de eyeccion (Tey) ventricular para las válvulas sigmoideas. Para los flujos atrioventriculares establecen la velocidad pico para las ondas E y A y la relación E/A para el flujo transmitral.

Singularity resolution depends on the clock

We study the quantum cosmology of a flat Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker Universe filled with a (free) massless scalar field and a perfect fluid that represents radiation or a cosmological constant whose value is not fixed by the action, as in unimodular gravity. We study two versions of the quantum theory: the first is based on a time coordinate conjugate to the radiation/dark energy matter component, i.e., conformal time (for radiation) or unimodular time. As shown by Gryb and Thébault, this quantum theory achieves a type of singularity resolution; we illustrate this and other properties of this theory. The theory is then contrasted with a second type of quantisation in which the logarithm of the scale factor serves as time, which has been studied in the context of the 'perfect bounce' for quantum cosmology. Unlike the first quantum theory, the second one contains semiclassical states that follow classical trajectories and evolve into the singularity without obstruction, thus showing no singularity resolution. We discuss how a complex scale factor best describes the semiclassical dynamics. This cosmological model serves as an illustration of the problem of time in quantum cosmology

Genetic basis of the very short life cycle of ‘Apogee’ wheat

Background: ‘Apogee’ has a very short life cycle among wheat cultivars (flowering 25 days after planting under a long day and without vernalization), and it is a unique genetic material that can be used to accelerate cycling breeding lines. However, little is known about the genetic basis of the super-short life of Apogee wheat. Results: In this study, Apogee was crossed with a strong winter wheat cultivar ‘Overland’, and 858 F2 plants were generated and tested in a greenhouse under constant warm temperature and long days. Apogee wheat was found to have the early alleles for four flowering time genes, which were ranked in the order of vrn-A1 \u3e VRN-B1 \u3e vrn- D3 \u3e PPD-D1 according to their effect intensity. All these Apogee alleles for early flowering showed complete or partial dominance effects in the F2 population. Surprisingly, Apogee was found to have the same alleles at vrn-A1a and vrn-D3a for early flowering as observed in winter wheat cultivar ‘Jagger.’ It was also found that the vrn-A1a gene was epistatic to VRN-B1 and vrn-D3. The dominant vrn-D3a alone was not sufficient to cause the transition from vegetative to reproductive development in winter plants without vernalization but was able to accelerate flowering in those plants that carry the vrn-A1a or Vrn-B1 alleles. The genetic effects of the vernalization and photoperiod genes were validated in Apogee x Overland F3 populations. Conclusion: VRN-A1, VRN-B1, VRN-D3, and PPD-D1 are the major genes that enabled Apogee to produce the very short life cycle. This study greatly advanced the molecular understanding of the multiple flowering genes under different genetic backgrounds and provided useful molecular tools that can be used to accelerate winter wheat breeding schemes

Sepharadim/conversos and premodern Global Hispanism

Sepharadim participated in the Hispanic vernacular culture of the Iberian Peninsula. Even in the time of al-Andalus many spoke Hispano-Romance, and even their Hebrew literature belies a deep familiarity with and love of their native Hispano-Romance languages. However, since the early sixteenth century the vast majority of Sepharadim have never lived in the Hispanic world. Sepharadim lived not in Spanish colonies defined by Spanish conquest, but in a network of Mediterranean Jewish communities defined by diasporic values and institutions. By contrast, the conversos, those Sepharadim who converted to Catholicism, whether in Spain or later in Portugal, Italy, or the New World, lived mostly in Spanish Imperial lands, were officially Catholic, and spoke normative Castilian. Their connections, both real and imagined, with Sephardic cultural practice put them at risk of social marginalization, incarceration, even death. Some were devout Catholics whose heritage and family history doomed them to these outcomes. Not surprisingly, many Spanish and Portugese conversos sought refuge in lands outside of Spanish control where they might live openly as Jews. This exodus (1600s) from the lands formerly known as Sefarad led to a parallel Sephardic community of what conversos who re-embraced Judaism in Amsterdam and Italy by a generation of conversos trained in Spanish universities. The Sephardic/Converso cultural complex exceeds the boundaries of Spanish imperial geography, confuses Spanish, Portuguese, Catholic, and Jewish subjectivities, and defies traditional categories practiced in Hispanic studies, and are a unique example of the Global Hispanophone

Physiological and pathological cardiac murmurs in the sport of horse. Its differential diagnosis

The authors describe the guidelines used to improve the differential diagnosis between physiological and pathological murmurs in horses, particularly those used in equestrian sports. They also present the incidence of functional murmurs, valve affected and use of the horse found in the population studied. Finally refer to "diagnostic error" in the classifi cation of murmurs (pathological / physiological) when studied by clinical evaluation (auscultation) and after the use of complementary studies as bidimensional echocardiography and cardiac Doppler.\nFil: Pidal, G. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria. Unidad de Cardiología. Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFil: Lightowler, C.H. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria. Unidad de Cardiología. Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLos autores describen las pautas utilizadas para mejorar el diagnóstico diferencial entre los soplos patológicos y los soplos fi siológicos en el caballo, particularmente en los utilizados en deportes ecuestres. Asimismo, presentan la incidencia encontrada en la población estudiada de los soplos funcionales según válvula afectada y uso del caballo. Finalmente hace referencia al "error diagnóstico" en la clasificación de los soplos (patológicos / fisiológicos) cuando son estudiados por medio de la semiología clásica (auscultación) y luego de la utilización de exploraciones complementarias como la ecocardiografía bidimensional y el Doppler cardíaco.\

Incidence and characterization of the physiological valvular regurgitations in the horse

The color flow map is the most sensitive technique to evaluate the blood flows, particularly at level of the cardiac valves, since by the variations in tonality and morphology of the "jet" give a clear idea of its direction, speed and flow type (laminar or turbulent). The objective of this study was to establish the characteristics that defi ne the physiological valvular regurgitations without clinical manifestations, identifi ed by means of color flow map and establish its incidence in horses. Three hundred twenty six horses both sexes and ages between 2 and 14 years, was studied and discriminated in the following way: 138 crossbreed, 89 thoroughbred, 51 Arabs and 48 jumping type. We determined that the physiological regurgitations without clinical signifi cation were characterized by: to show low degree of aliasing; the color area generated by the "anomalous" flow did not extend beyond 40 mm within the receiving camera; that the flow have fusiform morphology and its diameter did not exceed 10 mm; they appear early in diastole in the case of the sigmoid valves and early in systole in the case of the atrioventricular valves, in both cases during a brief lapse.Fil: Pidal, G. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria. Unidad de Cardiología. Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFil: Arpon, V. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Enfermedades Quirúrgicas. Buenos Aires, ArgentinaFil: Lightowler, C.H. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria. Unidad de Cardiología. Buenos Aires, ArgentinaEl mapeo de flujo color es la técnica de elección para evaluar los flujos sanguíneos, particularmente a nivel de las distintas válvulas cardiacas, dado que las variaciones en tonalidad, sentido, y morfología del "jet", dan un clara idea de su dirección, velocidad y tipo (laminar o turbulento). El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer las características que defi nen a las regurgitaciones valvulares fisiológicas sin correlato clínico identifi cadas mediante mapeo del flujo en color y establecer su incidencia en el caballo. Se estudiaron 326 caballos, de ambos sexos y edades entre 2 y 14 años, discriminados de la siguiente manera: 138 mestizos, 89 sangre pura de carrera, 51 Árabes y 48 tipo salto. Se determinó que las regurgitaciones fisiológicas sin correlato clínico se caracterizaron por: presentar bajo grado de ambigüedad (aliasing), que el área color generada por los flujos "anómalos" no se extendió más allá de 40 mm dentro de la cámara receptora, adoptaron morfología fusiforme, su diámetro mayor no excedió los 10 mm, se produjeron temprano en diástole en el caso de la válvulas sigmoideas y temprano en sístole en el caso de la válvulas atrioventriculares y en ambos casos se observan durante un lapso breve. De los 326 caballos estudiados, 137 (42,1%) presentaron regurgitaciones inocentes. En todas las razas estudiadas, la válvula que presentó más flujos regurgitantes inocentes fue la aórtica