Exchange Rates as a Determinant of the Balance of Payments

Economic

HOMBRE SENTADO EN ESCRITORIO [Material gráfico]

Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, 201

Imagining a false alibi impairs concealed memory detection with the autobiographical Implicit Association Test

Imagining counterfactual versions of past events can distort memory. In three experiments, we examined whether imagining a false alibi for a mock crime would make suspects appear less guilty in a concealed memory detection test, the autobiographical Implicit Association Test (aIAT), which aims to determine which of two autobiographical events are true. First, “guilty” participants completed a mock crime, whereas “innocent” participants completed an innocent act. Next, some of the guilty participants were asked to imagine a false alibi that corresponded to the innocent act. Finally, all groups completed the aIAT. Across experiments, we varied the type of aIAT used and also compared the effectiveness of the false alibi countermeasure when only imagined once, versus when it was repeatedly imagined over a week long period. The aIAT accurately detected the mock crime as true for guilty participants without a false alibi, but was consistently less able to detect the mock crime as true for guilty participants who had imagined a false alibi. The findings suggest that if guilty suspects fabricate an alibi, this may create a memory for the alibi that appears to be true based on the aIAT, which is problematic for its real-life applications in concealed memory detection

PAISAJE CON FARO [Material gráfico]

LEIPZIG (ALEMANIA)Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, 201

Counterfactual imagination impairs memory for true actions: EEG and behavioural evidence

Imagined events can be misremembered as experienced, leading to memory distortions. However, less is known regarding how imagining counterfactual versions of past events can impair existing memories. We addressed this issue, and used EEG to investigate the neurocognitive processes involved when retrieving memories of true events that are associated with a competing imagined event. Participants first performed simple actions with everyday objects (e.g., rolling dice). A week later, they were shown pictures of some of the objects and either imagined the same action they had originally performed, or imagined a counterfactual action (e.g., stacking the dice). Subsequent tests showed that memory for performed actions was reduced after counterfactual imagination when compared to both veridical imagination and a baseline condition that had not been imagined at all, providing novel evidence that counterfactual imagination impairs true memories beyond simple forgetting over time. ERPs and EEG oscillations showed evidence of separate processes associated with memory retrieval versus post-retrieval processes that were recruited to support recall of memories that were challenging to access. The findings show that counterfactual imagination can cause impairments to sensorimotor-rich event memories, and provide new evidence regarding the neurocognitive mechanisms that are recruited when people need to distinguish memories of imagined versus true events

Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium Species and Giardia duodenalis from Symptomatic Cambodian Children

Background: In a prospective study, 498 single faecal samples from children aged under 16 years attending an outpatient clinic in the Angkor Hospital for Children, northwest Cambodia, were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts using microscopy and molecular assays. Methodology/Principal Findings: Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 2.2% (11/498) of samples using microscopy and in 7.7% (38/498) with molecular tests. Giardia duodenalis cysts were detected in 18.9% (94/498) by microscopy and 27.7% (138/498) by molecular tests; 82% of the positive samples (by either method) were from children aged 1–10 years. Cryptosporidium hominis was the most common species of Cryptosporidium, detected in 13 (34.2%) samples, followed by Cryptosporidium meleagridis in 9 (23.7%), Cryptosporidium parvum in 8 (21.1%), Cryptosporidium canis in 5 (13.2%), and Cryptosporidium suis and Cryptosporidium ubiquitum in one sample each. Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum positive samples were subtyped by sequencing the GP60 gene: C. hominis IaA16R6 and C. parvum IIeA7G1 were the most abundant subtypes. Giardia duodenalis was typed using a multiplex real-time PCR targeting assemblages A and B. Assemblage B (106; 76.8% of all Giardia positive samples) was most common followed by A (12.3%) and mixed infections (5.1%). Risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium were malnutrition (AOR 9.63, 95% CI 1.67–55.46), chronic medical diagnoses (AOR 4.51, 95% CI 1.79–11.34) and the presence of birds in the household (AOR 2.99, 95% CI 1.16–7.73); specifically C. hominis (p = 0.03) and C. meleagridis (p<0.001) were associated with the presence of birds. The use of soap was protective against Giardia infection (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58–0.95). Conclusions/Significance: This is the first report to describe the different Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and Giardia duodenalis assemblages in Cambodian children. The variety of Cryptosporidium species detected indicates both anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission in this population. Interventions to improve sanitation, increase hand washing after defecation and before preparing food and promote drinking boiled water may reduce the burden of these two parasites

305 Orange – Theatre.1

…..ND PHOT (in white, at bottom right of field). Note: Orange (France). Theatre.https://digital.kenyon.edu/bnpc/1239/thumbnail.jp

A. Mirambel, Grammaire du grec moderne (Collection « Que sais-je ? », n° 1343)

Apostolopoulos Phot. A. Mirambel, Grammaire du grec moderne (Collection « Que sais-je ? », n° 1343). In: Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé, n°1, mars 1970. pp. 210-211

A. Mirambel, Grammaire du grec moderne (Collection « Que sais-je ? », n° 1343)

Apostolopoulos Phot. A. Mirambel, Grammaire du grec moderne (Collection « Que sais-je ? », n° 1343). In: Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé, n°1, mars 1970. pp. 210-211

Memory Distortion via Imagination: Neural Correlates and Forensic Applications

Our memory is vulnerable to changes so that the way we remember past events can become distorted over time. One way that memory distortions may occur is if we rehearse and imagine an alternative scenario to what really happened. Such counterfactual imagination may distort the true memory and create a false memory of the imagined event. This has crucial implications, especially in forensic settings because guilty suspects may adopt this technique as a countermeasure, in an attempt to evade blame. The research presented in this thesis investigated the effect of counterfactual imagination on memory detection tests—the Autobiographic Implicit Association Test (aIAT) and the Concealed Information Test (CIT)—using both behavioural measures and EEG methods. It also investigated the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying counterfactual imagination effects on memory, and whether counterfactual imagination actually impairs the true memory of the original event. Results from five experiments supported the view that counterfactual imagination can distort our memory, leading to significant effects on forensic memory detection in some circumstances and with some types of tests. Specifically, it was found that the aIAT is very susceptible to the effects of counterfactual imagination, while the CIT is more resistant to this countermeasure. Furthermore, I found that counterfactual imagination impaired both recall and recognition of true actions, and I describe novel EEG effects that were associated with counterfactual imagination and subsequent memory impairments, thus providing new evidence of the neurocognitive mechanisms that underlie counterfactual imagination effects on memory. Altogether, my research makes an original contribution to improve our understanding of counterfactual imagination and memory distortion and suggests that forensic memory detection tests should be used with caution