Activités parascolaires et climat de classe, quels liens ?

Le climat de classe a une grande influence sur les apprentissages, le bien-être des élèves et des enseignants. Il contient plusieurs composants qui peuvent se travailler ensemble et simultanément ; le climat relationnel, le climat éducatif, le climat d’appartenance, le climat de justice et le climat de sécurité. Ces composants regroupent plusieurs caractéristiques. Prendre connaissance de ces dernières permet d’acquérir de bonnes bases pour celui qui souhaite bénéficier d’un bon climat de classe. Plusieurs auteurs décrivent le climat de classe comme une variable subjective, puisqu’elle est perçue de façon différente par chacun. Néanmoins, ce concept peut se travailler et se développer. Le climat de classe peut évoluer positivement en fonction des éléments mis en place pour le favoriser et en prenant en compte chaque individu de la classe. Il est imbriqué dans le climat scolaire, qui lui est régit par l’école dans son ensemble. En effet, l’ambiance générale de l’école peut aussi entrainer celle de la classe. Ce travail se concentre sur un levier influençant le climat de classe, en particulier celui des sorties scolaires. Ma recherche auprès de 6 enseignants et leurs 95 élèves a permis de mettre en évidence les sorties et les camps effectués ainsi que leurs conséquences en classe. Quelques enseignants ont partagé ce qu’ils mettent en place pour soutenir leur climat de classe et leurs élèves ont été questionnés sur leur perception de l’école en général

Severity of Visual Field Loss at First Presentation to Glaucoma Clinics in England and Tanzania

Purpose: To compare severity of visual field (VF) loss at first presentation in glaucoma clinics in England and Tanzania. Methods: Large archives of VF records from automated perimetry were used to retrospectively examine vision loss at first presentation in glaucoma clinics in Tanzania (N = 1,502) and England (N = 9,264). Mean deviation (MD) of the worse eye at the first hospital visit was used as an estimate of detectable VF loss severity. Results: In Tanzania, 44.7% {CI95%: 42.2, 47.2} of patients presented with severe VF loss (< −20 dB), versus 4.6% {4.1, 5.0} in England. If we consider late presentation to also include cases of advanced loss (-12.01 dB to -20 dB), then the proportion of patients presenting late was 58.1% {55.6, 60.6} and 14.0% {13.3, 14.7}, respectively. The proportion of late presentations was greater in Tanzania at all ages, but the difference was particularly pronounced among working-age adults, with 50.3% {46.9, 53.7} of 18–65-year-olds presenting with advanced or severe VF loss, versus 10.2% {9.3, 11.3} in England. In both countries, men were more likely to present late than women. Conclusions: Late presentation of glaucoma is a problem in England, and an even greater challenge in Tanzania. Possible solutions are discussed, including increased community eye-care, and a more proactive approach to case finding through the use of disruptive new technologies, such as low-cost, portable diagnostic aids

Diabetic retinopathy in Tanzania: prevalence and risk factors at entry into a regional screening programme.

OBJECTIVE: The number of adults with diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is expected to almost double by 2035. This study investigated the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its risk factors at entry into a community-based screening programme. METHODS: All persons with diabetes screened for retinopathy at entry into a screening programme in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania between November 2010 and December 2014 were included. Fundus photographs were taken with a Topcon retinal camera following pupil dilation. Data were collected on BP, random blood sugar, duration of diabetes, BMI and visual acuity on entry. RESULTS: A total of 3187 persons were screened for DR. The prevalence of any DR was 27.9% (95%CI 26.4-29.5%) with background diabetic retinopathy (BDR), pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) having a prevalence of 19.1% (95% CI 17.7-20.4%), 6.0% (95%CI 5.2-6.8%) and 2.9% (95%CI 2.3-3.5%), respectively. Maculopathy was present in 16.1% (95%CI 14.8-17.4%) of participants. Multivariable logistic regression analysis for the presence of any DR found independent associations with duration of diabetes (P < 0.0001), systolic BP (P < 0.0001), random blood sugar (P < 0.0001) and attending a government hospital diabetic clinic (P = 0.0339). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to present data from a DR screening programme in SSA. The results will provide policymakers with data to aid planning of DR screening and treatment services in the African region. The study highlights the importance of managing comorbidities within DR screening programmes

The Arclight Ophthalmoscope: A Reliable Low-Cost Alternative to the Standard Direct Ophthalmoscope.

Background. The Arclight ophthalmoscope is a low-cost alternative to standard direct ophthalmoscopes. This study compared the Arclight ophthalmoscope with the Heine K180 direct ophthalmoscope to evaluate its reliability in assessing the vertical cup disc ratio (VCDR) and its ease of use (EOU). Methods. Eight medical students used both the Arclight and the Heine ophthalmoscopes to examine the optic disc in 9 subjects. An EOU score was provided after every examination (a higher score indicating that the ophthalmoscope is easier to use). A consultant ophthalmologist provided the reference standard VCDR. Results. 288 examinations were performed. The number of examinations that yielded an estimation of the VCDR was significantly higher for the Arclight ophthalmoscope (125/144, 85%) compared to the Heine ophthalmoscope (88/144, 61%) (p < 0.001). The mean difference from the reference standard VCDR was similar for both instruments, with a mean of -0.078 (95% CI: -0.10 to -0.056) for the Arclight and -0.072 (95% CI: -0.097 to -0.046) for Heine (p = 0.69). The overall EOU score was significantly higher for the Arclight ophthalmoscope (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The Arclight ophthalmoscope performs as well as, and is easier to use than, a standard direct ophthalmoscope, suggesting it is a reliable, low-cost alternative

On the lowest eigenvalue of Laplace operators with mixed boundary conditions

In this paper we consider a Robin-type Laplace operator on bounded domains. We study the dependence of its lowest eigenvalue on the boundary conditions and its asymptotic behavior in shrinking and expanding domains. For convex domains we establish two-sided estimates on the lowest eigenvalues in terms of the inradius and of the boundary conditions

Modafinil restores memory performance and neural activity impaired by sleep deprivation in mice.

The original aims of our study have been to investigate in sleep-deprived mice, the effects of modafinil administration on spatial working memory, in parallel with the evaluation of neural activity level, as compared to non-sleep-deprived animals. For this purpose, an original sleep deprivation apparatus was developed and validated with continuous electroencephalography recording. Memory performance was evaluated using spontaneous alternation in a T-maze, whereas the neural activity level was estimated by the quantification of the c-Fos protein in various cerebral zones. This study allowed altogether: First, to evidence that a diurnal 10-h sleep deprivation period induced an impairment of spatial working memory. Second, to observe a decrease in c-Fos expression after sleep deprivation followed by a behavioural test, as compared to non-sleep-deprived mice. This impairment in neural activity was evidenced in areas involved in wake-sleep cycle regulation (anterior hypothalamus and supraoptic nucleus), but also in memory (frontal cortex and hippocampus) and emotions (amygdala). Finally, to demonstrate that modafinil 64 mg/kg is able to restore on the one hand memory performance after a 10-h sleep deprivation period, and on the other hand, the neural activity level in the very same brain areas where it was previously impaired by sleep deprivation and cognitive task

Caractérisation de l’infection naturelle à Cryptosporidium spp. chez le chien et le chat vus en établissement vétérinaire

Cryptosporidium spp. est un protozoaire parasite du système gastro-intestinal largement répandu chez les vertébrés et causant la cryptosporidiose, une zoonose occasionnant des troubles digestifs sévères pouvant entrainer la mort chez les individus immunodéficients. Au Canada, la déclaration de cette maladie est obligatoire depuis l’an 2000. Ainsi, il est pertinent de mieux comprendre l’infection chez les animaux de compagnie, puisqu’ils sont potentiellement un réservoir du parasite. Durant l’année 2008, des échantillons fécaux provenant de 1 202 chats (n = 371) et chiens (n = 831) de la province du Québec ont été analysés par comptage des ookystes de Cryptosporidium spp. au moyen de la technique de centrifugation en solution de sulfate de zinc. Dans cette étude,la prévalence de Cryptosporidium spp. chez les chats (28/371 : 7,55 %) et chez les chiens(88/831 : 10,59 %) de compagnie confirme leur potentiel en tant que réservoir du parasite. Au Québec, de par leur nombre, les chats sont potentiellement un réservoir zoonotique du parasite plus important que celui des chiens, bien qu’il n’existe pas de différence significative entre la prévalence du parasite chez le chat et le chien pour l’année 2008. L’âge (p = 0,0001) et l’infection concomitante par Giardia spp. (p = 0,0001) se sont avérés être des facteurs associés avec la présence de Cryptosporidium spp. chez le chien. Parmi l’ensemble des variables testées chez le chat (l’âge, le sexe, la saison et l’infection concomitante par Giardia spp.), aucune n’a été associée de manière significative à la présence du parasite chez le chat. Ceci peut être dû au nombre limité d’individus testés pour cette espèce. Un suivi de l’excrétion des ookystes de Cryptosporidium spp. chez deux chats suggère que l’excrétion des ookystes peut se faire sur une période de sept mois et que le taux d’excrétion varie dans le temps. Le diagnostic moléculaire des espèces et génotypes de Cryptosporidium spp. isolés à partir des échantillons de matières fécales devait être réalisé par la technique de PCR emboîtée des fragments des gènes ARNr 18S et HSP70 et du séquençage des produits de PCR. Aucun résultat positif n’a toutefois été obtenu. Afin d’augmenter la puissance statistique des analyses épidémiologiques sur la prévalence de Cryptosporidium spp., il serait nécessaire à l’avenir de travailler sur un nombre d’animaux beaucoup plus important.Cryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan parasite from the gastro-intestinal tract with a large range of vertebrate hosts causing cryptosporidiosis, a zoonotic disease which may lead to severe digestive troubles and sometimes death for immunocompromised people. It is a noticeable disease in Canada since 2000. It is thus relevant to study the infection in cats and dogs as they may represent an important zoonotic reservoir for the parasite. A total of 1,202 stool samples from cats (n = 371) and dogs (n = 831) from the province of Quebec were examined during the year 2008 for this research. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was calculated using coprology tests using centrifugation in a zinc sulfate solution. The prevalence in cats (28/371: 7,55 %) and dogs (88/831: 10,59%) corroborates that pets living in the province of Quebec may be a reservoir for Cryptosporidium spp. While we did not find a significant difference in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. between cats and dogs, cats may represent a larger reservoir as they represent a larger population within the province. We identified age (p = 0,0001) and concomitant infection with Giardia spp. (p =0,0001) as risk factors for dogs. Among all the variables tested on cats (age, sex, season, concomitant infection with Giardia spp.), none were significantly associated with the presence of the parasite in cats. This may be caused in part by the small number that was analyzed. A follow-up study with two cats showed the excretion of oocysts can last for a minimum of seven months and varies in intensity through time. The molecular diagnostic of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from fecal samples should have been done by using the amplification of the gene fragments ARNr 18S and HSP70 nested PCR reactions and the sequencing of PCR products. Although this technique was attempted in this study, no positive result was obtained. It is recommended to work on larger animal populations to increase the statistical power of epidemiological analysis of the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp

Some isoperimetric inequalities with application to the Stekloff problem

In this paper we establish isoperimetric inequalities for the product of some moments of inertia. As an application, we obtain an isoperimetric inequality for the product of the $N$ first nonzero eigenvalues of the Stekloff problem in $\mathbb{R}^N$

Management of chronic open-angle glaucoma.

The rate of progression is the deciding factor in when and how to treat primary open-angle glaucoma. Treatment is complex, so it is important to consider patient and health care factors while keeping in mind the overall aim: preserving the patient’s quality of life and livelihood

2 kirja Karl Morgensternile, St.Peterbourg

http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b1783819~S1*es