Sub-Doppler optical resolution by confining a vapour in a nanostructure

We show that a thermal vapor confined in a nanostructure is of spectroscopic interest. We perform reflection spectroscopy on a Cs vapour cell whose window is covered with a thin opal film (typically, 10 or 20 layers of ~ 1{\mu}m diameter spheres). Sub-Doppler structures appear in the optical spectrum in a purely linear regime of optical excitation and the signal is shown to originate from the interstitial regions of the opal. These narrow spectral structures, observable for a large range of oblique incidence angles (~ 30-50&deg), are an original feature associated to the 3-D vapor confinement. It remembers a Dicke narrowing, i.e. a Doppler broadening suppression when the atomic motion is sub-wavelength confined. This narrowing, commonly observed in the r.f. domain when a buffer gas ensures a collision confinement effect, had remained elusive in the optical frequency. Also, we describe preliminary experiments performed in a pump-probe technique, intended to elucidate the spatial origin of the narrow contribution. We finally discuss how our results allow envisioning micron-size references for optical frequency clocks, and high resolution spectroscopy of weak and hard-to-saturate molecular lines

Infiltrating a thin or single layer opal with an atomic vapour: sub-doppler signals and crystal optics

Artificial thin glass opals can be infiltrated with a resonant alkali-metal vapour, providing novel types of hybrid systems. The reflection at the interface between the substrate and the opal yields a resonant signal, which exhibits sub-Doppler structures in linear spectroscopy for a range of oblique incidences. This result is suspected to originate in an effect of the three-dimensional confinement of the vapour in the opal interstices. It is here extended to a situation where the opal is limited to a few or even a single layer opal film, which is a kind of bidimensional grating. We have developed a flexible one-dimensional layered optical model, well suited for a Langmuir-Blodgett opal. Once extended to the case of a resonant infiltration, the model reproduces quick variations of the lineshape with incidence angle or polarization. Alternately, for an opal limited to a single layer of identical spheres, a three-dimensional numerical calculation was developed. It predicts crystalline anisotropy, which is demonstrated through diffraction on an empty opal made of a single-layer of polystyrene spheres.Comment: to appear in Europhysics Letters, Special Issue (Proceedings of META 14-Singapore May 2014

Three-dimensional confinement of vapor in nanostructures for sub-Doppler optical resolution

International audienceWe confine a Cs thermal vapor in the interstitial regions of a glass opal. We perform linear reflection spectroscopy on a cell whose window is covered with a thin film (10 or 20 layers) of 1000 nm (or 400 nm) diameter glass spheres and observe sub-Doppler structures in the optical spectrum for a large range of oblique incidences. This original feature associated with the inner (3-dimensional) confinement of the vapor in the interstitial regions of the opal evokes a Dicke narrowing. We finally consider possible micron-size references for optical frequency clocks based on weak, hard to saturate, molecular line

Dynamics of trimming the content of face representations for categorization in the brain

To understand visual cognition, it is imperative to determine when, how and with what information the human brain categorizes the visual input. Visual categorization consistently involves at least an early and a late stage: the occipito-temporal N170 event related potential related to stimulus encoding and the parietal P300 involved in perceptual decisions. Here we sought to understand how the brain globally transforms its representations of face categories from their early encoding to the later decision stage over the 400 ms time window encompassing the N170 and P300 brain events. We applied classification image techniques to the behavioral and electroencephalographic data of three observers who categorized seven facial expressions of emotion and report two main findings: (1) Over the 400 ms time course, processing of facial features initially spreads bilaterally across the left and right occipito-temporal regions to dynamically converge onto the centro-parietal region; (2) Concurrently, information processing gradually shifts from encoding common face features across all spatial scales (e.g. the eyes) to representing only the finer scales of the diagnostic features that are richer in useful information for behavior (e.g. the wide opened eyes in 'fear'; the detailed mouth in 'happy'). Our findings suggest that the brain refines its diagnostic representations of visual categories over the first 400 ms of processing by trimming a thorough encoding of features over the N170, to leave only the detailed information important for perceptual decisions over the P300

Research and Design of a Routing Protocol in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

无线传感器网络，作为全球未来十大技术之一，集成了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理和自组织网技术，可实时感知、采集、处理、传输网络分布区域内的各种信息数据，在军事国防、生物医疗、环境监测、抢险救灾、防恐反恐、危险区域远程控制等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。 本文研究分析了无线传感器网络的已有路由协议，并针对大规模的无线传感器网络设计了一种树状路由协议，它根据节点地址信息来形成路由，从而简化了复杂繁冗的路由表查找和维护，节省了不必要的开销，提高了路由效率，实现了快速有效的数据传输。 为支持此路由协议本文提出了一种自适应动态地址分配算——ADAR（AdaptiveDynamicAddre...As one of the ten high technologies in the future, wireless sensor network, which is the integration of micro-sensors, embedded computing, modern network and Ad Hoc technologies, can apperceive, collect, process and transmit various information data within the region. It can be used in military defense, biomedical, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, counter-terrorism, remote control of haz...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院通信工程系_通信与信息系统学号：2332007115216

Discutindo a educação ambiental no cotidiano escolar: desenvolvimento de projetos na escola formação inicial e continuada de professores

A presente pesquisa buscou discutir como a Educação Ambiental (EA) vem sendo trabalhada, no Ensino Fundamental e como os docentes desta escola compreendem e vem inserindo a EA no cotidiano escolar., em uma escola estadual do município de Tangará da Serra/MT, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se entrevistas com os professores que fazem parte de um projeto interdisciplinar de EA na escola pesquisada. Verificou-se que o projeto da escola não vem conseguindo alcançar os objetivos propostos por: desconhecimento do mesmo, pelos professores; formação deficiente dos professores, não entendimento da EA como processo de ensino-aprendizagem, falta de recursos didáticos, planejamento inadequado das atividades. A partir dessa constatação, procurou-se debater a impossibilidade de tratar do tema fora do trabalho interdisciplinar, bem como, e principalmente, a importância de um estudo mais aprofundado de EA, vinculando teoria e prática, tanto na formação docente, como em projetos escolares, a fim de fugir do tradicional vínculo “EA e ecologia, lixo e horta”.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Confinement tridimensionnel d'une vapeur de césium dans une opale de nanobilles

We report on various experiments in order to study spectroscopy of a sub-micrometric confinement of an atomic vapour. We present experimental reflection spectra obtained on macroscopic cesium vapour cells whose window is covered with an opal of glass microspheres deposited layer-by-layer (Langmuir-Blodgett technique). The spectra are obtained for D1 and D2 lines in FM technique. Two regimes yielding sub-Doppler signals can be distinguished, depending on the incidence angle in the opal: under nearly normal incidence, the whole lineshape is sub-Doppler and reminds the usual selective reflection spectra (at a flat interface); for large incident angles, we report a sub-Doppler structure superimposed to a broad structure. This narrow structure can be isolated with improved FM technique (2f detection) or in pump-probe experiments. This narrow structure seems to originate in a Dicke narrowing, observed here in the optical domain, as a consequence of the atomic confinement on a scale smaller than a wavelength.Ce mémoire rapporte diverses expériences de spectroscopie visant à étudier le comportement d'une vapeur atomique soumise à un confinement tridimensionnel sub-micrométrique. Nous présentons notamment les spectres expérimentaux de réflexion (raies D1 et D2) réalisées sur des cellules macroscopiques contenant une vapeur de césium et une opale constituée d'un nombre contrôlé de couches de nano-billes de silice (déposé par la technique Langmuir-Blodgett). En fonction de l'angle incidence du faisceau illuminant l'opale, deux types de signaux sub-Doppler sont observés via une détection par modulation de fréquence : l'un observable à des angles d'incidence faibles, rappelant les formes de raies habituelles d'une réflexion sélective sur une interface plane de verre, et l'autre, superposé à un signal de fond large, pour des angles d'incidence importants. Cette structure, inédite pour des expériences de réflexion sélective, peut être isolée par une expérience pompe-sonde ou une détection 2f. Elle pourrait être la signature d'un rétrécissement Dicke, conséquence du confinement des atomes sur une distance équivalente à une fraction de longueur d'onde

Confinement tridimensionnel d une vapeur de césium dans une opale de nanobilles

Ce mémoire rapporte diverses expériences de spectroscopie visant à étudier le comportement d une vapeur atomique soumise à un confinement tridimensionnel sub-micrométrique. Nous présentons notamment les spectres expérimentaux de réflexion (raies D1 et D2) réalisées sur des cellules macroscopiques contenant une vapeur de césium et une opale constituée d un nombre contrôlé de couches de nano-billes de silice (déposé par la technique Langmuir-Blodgett). En fonction de l angle incidence du faisceau illuminant l opale, deux types de signaux sub-Doppler sont observés via une détection par modulation de fréquence : l un observable à des angles d incidence faibles, rappelant les formes de raies habituelles d une réflexion sélective sur une interface plane de verre, et l autre, superposé à un signal de fond large, pour des angles d incidence importants. Cette structure, inédite pour des expériences de réflexion sélective, peut être isolée par une expérience pompe-sonde ou une détection 2f. Elle pourrait être la signature d un rétrécissement Dicke, conséquence du confinement des atomes sur une distance équivalente à une fraction de longueur d onde.We report on various experiments in order to study spectroscopy of a sub-micrometric confinement of an atomic vapour. We present experimental reflection spectra obtained on macroscopic cesium vapour cells whose window is covered with an opal of glass microspheres deposited layer-by-layer (Langmuir-Blodgett technique). The spectra are obtained for D1 and D2 lines in FM technique. Two regimes yielding sub-Doppler signals can be distinguished, depending on the incidence angle in the opal: under nearly normal incidence, the whole lineshape is sub-Doppler and reminds the usual selective reflection spectra (at a flat interface); for large incident angles, we report a sub-Doppler structure superimposed to a broad structure. This narrow structure can be isolated with improved FM technique (2f detection) or in pump-probe experiments. This narrow structure seems to originate in a Dicke narrowing, observed here in the optical domain, as a consequence of the atomic confinement on a scale smaller than a wavelength.PARIS13-BU Sciences (930792102) / SudocSudocFranceF

High resolution spectroscopy of an atomic vapour confined in an opal of glass nanosphere

In the spirit of our systematic investigation of resonant atomic vapour (Cs vapour) in micro-and nano-cells (1D confinement), we investigate the behaviour of a vapour confined in the nanometric interstitial regions of an opal made of glass spheres (3D confinement). Sub-Doppler lines are observed in preliminary experiment