Reliability approach for safe designing on a locking system

The aim of this work is to predict the failure probability of a locking system. This failure probability is assessed using complementary methods: the First-Order Reliability Method (FORM) and Second-Order Reliability Method (SORM) as approximated methods, and Monte Carlo simulations as the reference method. Both types are implemented in a specific software [Phimeca software. Software for reliability analysis developed by Phimeca Engineering S.A.] used in this study. For the Monte Carlo simulations, a response surface, based on experimental design and finite element calculations [Abaqus/Standard User’s Manuel vol. I.], is elaborated so that the relation between the random input variables and structural responses could be established. Investigations of previous reliable methods on two configurations of the locking system show the large sturdiness of the first one and enable design improvements for the second one

Reliability approach for safe designing on a locking system

The aim of this work is to predict the failure probability of a locking system. This failure probability is assessed using complementary methods: the First-Order Reliability Method (FORM) and Second-Order Reliability Method (SORM) as approximated methods, and Monte Carlo simulations as the reference method. Both types are implemented in a specific software [Phimeca software. Software for reliability analysis developed by Phimeca Engineering S.A.] used in this study. For the Monte Carlo simulations, a response surface, based on experimental design and finite element calculations [Abaqus/Standard User’s Manuel vol. I.], is elaborated so that the relation between the random input variables and structural responses could be established. Investigations of previous reliable methods on two configurations of the locking system show the large sturdiness of the first one and enable design improvements for the second one

Les aide-mémoires, des outils cognitifs pour l’enseignement : un essai de typologie

Le but de cet article est de repérer les types et les fonctions des aide-mémoire (AM) que l’on trouve dans les classes d’enseignants d’école primaire et d’en proposer une première typologie. Nous décrivons tout d’abord l’enseignement comme la supervision et le contrôle d’un environnement dynamique, ce qui nous amènera ensuite à montrer en quoi les AM peuvent faciliter ces activités. Dans une troisième partie, nous détaillons une observation sur la présence et l’usage d’AM auprès de six enseignants expérimentés d’école élémentaire (cycle 3), suivie d’un entretien visant à les faire s’exprimer sur la manière dont ils produisent et utilisent des aide-mémoire dans leur pratique quotidienne. Trois fonctions principales sont mises au jour et discutées : l’aide-mémoire comme outil d’aide à l’action, comme instrument d’aide à la perception de l’environnement, et enfin comme objet intermédiaire. Des principes d’action sous-tendant cette utilisation sont énoncés.The purpose of this paper is to categorize by type and function the various check-lists that can be observed in primary school classrooms. We first propose to consider teaching as the twofold activity of supervising and controlling a dynamic environment, the classroom, and then to show how check-lists can be used to help this activity. Third, we describe a study in which all the check-lists of six primary school experimented teachers are collected and their actual use observed. Open-ended interviews are also performed in order to elicit the way teachers design, produce and use check-lists in their daily practice. Three main functions are pointed out and discussed: the check-list as an action tool, as an instrument to help teachers perceive their surrounding environment, and as an intermediary object. Finally, we detail some action principles underlying these different uses that are likely to be used by teachers.El objetivo de este artículo es identificar los tipos y las funciones de los cuadernos de notas presentes en las aulas de los profesores de primaria, y proponer una tipología inicial de los mismos. Para empezar, describimos la enseñanza como la supervisión y el control de un entorno dinámico, lo que después nos permitirá mostrar de qué forma los cuadernos de notas (CN) pueden facilitar estas actividades. A continuación, explicamos detalladamente una observación de la presencia y el uso de CN por seis profesores de escuela primaria experimentados (ciclo 3), y continuamos con una entrevista en la que se expresan sobre su manera de producir y usar CN en su práctica cotidiana. Se destacarán y comentarán tres funciones principales: el CN como herramienta auxiliar de acción, como instrumento de ayuda a la percepción del entorno y, por último, como objeto intermedio. Enunciamos principios de acción que sustentan esta utilización.

Les aide-mémoires, des outils cognitifs pour l’enseignement : un essai de typologie

Le but de cet article est de repérer les types et les fonctions des aide-mémoire (AM) que l’on trouve dans les classes d’enseignants d’école primaire et d’en proposer une première typologie. Nous décrivons tout d’abord l’enseignement comme la supervision et le contrôle d’un environnement dynamique, ce qui nous amènera ensuite à montrer en quoi les AM peuvent faciliter ces activités. Dans une troisième partie, nous détaillons une observation sur la présence et l’usage d’AM auprès de six enseignants expérimentés d’école élémentaire (cycle 3), suivie d’un entretien visant à les faire s’exprimer sur la manière dont ils produisent et utilisent des aide-mémoire dans leur pratique quotidienne. Trois fonctions principales sont mises au jour et discutées : l’aide-mémoire comme outil d’aide à l’action, comme instrument d’aide à la perception de l’environnement, et enfin comme objet intermédiaire. Des principes d’action sous-tendant cette utilisation sont énoncés.The purpose of this paper is to categorize by type and function the various check-lists that can be observed in primary school classrooms. We first propose to consider teaching as the twofold activity of supervising and controlling a dynamic environment, the classroom, and then to show how check-lists can be used to help this activity. Third, we describe a study in which all the check-lists of six primary school experimented teachers are collected and their actual use observed. Open-ended interviews are also performed in order to elicit the way teachers design, produce and use check-lists in their daily practice. Three main functions are pointed out and discussed: the check-list as an action tool, as an instrument to help teachers perceive their surrounding environment, and as an intermediary object. Finally, we detail some action principles underlying these different uses that are likely to be used by teachers.El objetivo de este artículo es identificar los tipos y las funciones de los cuadernos de notas presentes en las aulas de los profesores de primaria, y proponer una tipología inicial de los mismos. Para empezar, describimos la enseñanza como la supervisión y el control de un entorno dinámico, lo que después nos permitirá mostrar de qué forma los cuadernos de notas (CN) pueden facilitar estas actividades. A continuación, explicamos detalladamente una observación de la presencia y el uso de CN por seis profesores de escuela primaria experimentados (ciclo 3), y continuamos con una entrevista en la que se expresan sobre su manera de producir y usar CN en su práctica cotidiana. Se destacarán y comentarán tres funciones principales: el CN como herramienta auxiliar de acción, como instrumento de ayuda a la percepción del entorno y, por último, como objeto intermedio. Enunciamos principios de acción que sustentan esta utilización.

Influence of the setting up of a man-made lake on mercury levels in the flesh of fish in a neotropical habitat: the Sinnamary river (french Guiana)

The filling of the hydroelectric dam reservoir at Petit Saut (French Guiana) in January 1994 brought about changes in the water quality in the reservoir and downstream. The thermal stratification of the waters of the reservoir has resulted in the rapid establishment of an oxygenated epilimnion and an anoxie hypolimnion. Moreover, since 1870, activities linked to gold mining are responsible for the rejection of metallic mercury into the Guianese environment where it accumulates in the food chain. In order to study the consequences of the filling of the dam reservoir at Petit Saut, the total level of mercury in the flesh of the fish in the catchment basin of the Sinnamary River was analyzed on 1,690 fish specimens sampled between 1993 and 1998. This study showed that mercury concentrations increase progressive1y over time, with most of the changes since the filling of the reservoir occurring downstream. The evacuation of the hypolimnic waters seems to influence what becomes of the metal in the food chain. Mercury concentrations in the herbivorous fish did not evolve over time, and remained very 1ow. Among the omnivorous and carnivorous species, an increase in the concentrations was essentially observed in fish samp1ed downstream. Three fish species representing herbivorous (Myleus ternetzi), omnivorous (Leporinus friderici), and carnivorous (Hoplias aimara) species were studied in particu1ar. No significant increase was visible in the reservoir itself, but one cou1d observe the progressive homogenization of the mass of water that triggers, through the trophic chain, the polluting of fish in the epilimnic zoneLa mise en eau du barrage hydroélectrique de Petit Saut en Guyane française en janvier 1994 a entraîné des modifications de la qualité de l'eau au sein du réservoir et dans la partie aval. La stratification thermique des eaux de la retenue a pour conséquence la mise en place rapide d'un épilimnion oxygéné et d'un hypolimnion anoxique. Par ailleurs, depuis 1870, les activités minières liées à l'or sont responsables de rejets de mercure métallique dans le milieu guyanais où il s'accumule dans la chaîne alimentaire. Afin d'étudier les conséquences de la mise en eau du barrage de Petit Saut, le mercure total a été analysé dans la chair des poissons du bassin versant du fleuve Sinnamary. L'étude de 1690 individus prélevés entre 1993 et 1998 montre que les concentrations en mercure augmentent progressivement au fil du temps, l'essentiel des modifications se situant dans la zone aval de la retenue depuis la mise en eau. L'évacuation d'eaux hypolimniques semble influencer le devenir du métal dans la chaîne alimentaire. Les herbivores ne présentent pas d'évolution au fil du temps, les concentrations restant très faibles. Chez les omnivores et les carnivores, l'augmentation des concentrations est observée essentiellement au niveau du tronçon aval. Trois espèces représentatives du groupe des herbivores (Myleus ternetzi), des omnivores (Leporinus friderici) et des carnivores (Hoplias aimara) ont été étudiées plus particulièrement. Au niveau de la retenue, aucune augmentation significative n'est visible, mais on pourrait assister à une homogénéisation progressive de la masse d'eau, entraînant, au travers des chaînes trophiques, une pollution des poissons de la zone épilirnniqu

Biliary Involvement in Type 2 Autoimmune Pancreatitis

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare condition classified in 2 subtypes. Their distinction relies on a combination of clinical, serological, morphological and histological features. Type 1 is a pancreatic manifestation of IgG4-related disease characterized by multiorgan infiltration by IgG4 plasmocytes. In this condition, hepatobiliary infiltration is frequent and often mimics cholangiocarcinoma or primary sclerosing cholangitis. On the other hand, type 2 is commonly limited to the pancreas. Herein, we describe the case of a patient who presented a type 2 AIP associated with cholangiopathy, a condition not described in the established criteria. He first developed a pancreatitis identified as type 2 by the typical histopathological features and lack of IgG4 in the serum and tissue. Despite a good clinical response to steroids, cholestasis persisted, identified by MR cholangiography as a stricture of the left hepatic duct with dilatation of the intrahepatic bile duct in segments 2 and 3. Biliary cytology was negative. Evolution was favorable but after steroid tapering a few months later, the patient suffered from recurrence of the pancreatitis as well as progression of biliary attempt, suspicious for cholangiocarcinoma. As the investigations again ruled out neoplastic infiltration or primary sclerosing cholangitis, azathioprine was initiated with resolution of both pancreatic and biliary attempts

Photophysical and Bactericidal Properties of Pyridinium and Imidazolium Porphyrins for Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Despite advances achieved over the last decade, infections caused by multi-drug-resistant bacterial strains are increasingly becoming important societal issues that need to be addressed. New approaches have already been developed in order to overcome this problem. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) could provide an alternative to fight infectious bacteria. Many studies have highlighted the value of cationic photosensitizers in order to improve this approach. This study reports the synthesis and the characterization of cationic porphyrins derived from methylimidazolium and phenylimidazolium porphyrins, along with a comparison of their photophysical properties with the well-known N-methylpyridyl (pyridinium) porphyrin family. PACT tests conducted with the tetracationic porphyrins of these three families showed that these new photosensitizers may offer a good alternative to the classical pyridinium porphyrins, especially against S.aureus and E.coli. In addition, they pave the way to new cationic photosensitizers by the means of derivatization through amide bond formation

Expanding the scope of the successive ring expansion strategy for macrocycle and medium-sized ring synthesis : unreactive and reactive lactams

New methods are described that expand the scope of the Successive Ring Expansion (SuRE) with respect to synthetically challenging lactams. A protocol has been developed for use with 'unreactive' lactams, enabling SuRE reactions to be performed on subsrates that fail under previously established conditions. Ring expansion is also demonstarted on 'reactive' lactams derived from iminosugars for the first time. The new SuRE methods were used to prepare a diverse array of medium-sized and macrocyclic lactams and lactones, which were evaluted in an anti-bacterial assay against E. coli BW25113WT

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

Contribution a l'etude du metabolisme energetique de Propionibacterium acidi-propionici. Caracterisation des metabolismes anaerobie et aerobie

SIGLEINIST TD 20123 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc