Suburban Villages: Conceptualizing Urban Fringes in a Global Context. The Case of Wangzhai

Early settlements, or “Suburban Villages,” are organized along the Wenruitang water network, a millenary old canal system which structured the territory around Wenzhou. The extension of the urban boundaries from the late 1980’s onward included the rural villages along the Wenruitang in a form of diffused urbanism. Those villages became linked to create an Urban Archipelago, defining an indigenous kind of suburbs. At present, the sevillages are threatened by the constant mutating character of this suburb: the agricultural land preservation policy will preserve the diffuse urban form but puts the burden on the already built areas, i.e. the suburban villages, as the only place of redevelopment, and real estate speculation. Ourresearchprojectaimstodefinethismutatingterritoryandfocusparticularlyonthe relation between the Wenruitang water system and the settlements, within this new suburban situation. Our goal is to show the patterns of its architecture and urbanism in order to propose either a preservation and rehabilitation plan. OurfirstcasestudyisthevillageofWangzhaiinWenzhouinZhejiangProvince.Located on one branch of the Wenruitang water network, Wangzhai village is both typical and specific. As part of these Suburban Villages network, it is typical with its relation to the river, its spontaneous urban development, and its modern vernacular architecture heritage. However it is located within the boundaries of the Sino-American Wenzhou-Kean University, and is part of the planned Kean Town. The objective of our research is to examine the condition of the village in order to propose conceptual tools that might be used for design strategies

Factors influencing implementation of health promotion guidelines for families with adolescents orphaned by HIV and AIDS

South Africa was rated among the sub-Saharan countries that failed to prioritise basic focused HIV prevention programmes to combat the new HIV infections across their borders (UNAIDS, 2009). It is therefore essential to re-engineer the HIV prevention programmes through the implementation of health promotion guidelines developed in this study in order to reduce the impact of HIV and AIDS. This study was designed to explore and describe the factors influencing the implementation of health promotion guidelines in the rural Hammanskraal region of the North West Province, South Africa. This study focuses on the implementation of the guidelines that were developed as part of the main study. The study was qualitative in nature, following the explorative, descriptive and contextual design. Data were collected through two focus group discussions involving 10 purposively selected participants, which assisted the researcher to explore the research question and describe the factors as they unfolded during the interaction with participants. The transcribed data were analysed using the steps suggested in the Tesch’s method of data analysis. The four themes identified as factors influencing implementation of health promotion guidelines were: information, door-to-door campaigns, resources and culture. The study concluded that a successful health promotion programme requires effective strategies that concentrate on strengthening existing programme implementation among the adults and youth in order to address the cultural barriers which are impediments to the successful delivery of the programme.I would like to acknowledge the University of Pretoria for funding the project, all the health promoters at Moretele Sunrise Hospice in Hammanskraal who passionately participated in this study and Portia Mthobeni who acted as a research assistant.http://www.ajol.info/journal_index.php?jid=153&ab=ajpherd2016-06-30am201

The attitude of community health nurses towards integration of traditional healers in primary health care in North West Province

South Africa is called "the rainbow nation" because it has so many different cultures. These have an impact on the provision of primary health care. The purpose of this research is to foster good relationships between community health nurses and traditional healers and to explore, identify and describe the attitude of community health nurses towards the integration of traditional healers into primary health care. A non-experimental, explorative and descriptive research strategy was designed to explore the working relationship between community health nurses and traditional healers. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Quantitative as well as qualitative data analysis techniques were adopted to interpret the findings. The results indicated that respondents demonstrated positive attitudes towards working with traditional healers, especially in the provision of primary health care. Positive opinions, ideas and views were provided about the integration of traditional healers into primary health care. Respect, recognition and sensitivity were emphasized by respondents.Health StudiesM.A. (Nursing Science

Perceptions of registered nurses regarding factors influencing service delivery in expanding programmes in a primary healthcare setting

The aim of this study was to explore and describe the perceptions of registered nurses regarding factors influencing service delivery regarding expansion programmes in a primary healthcare setting, using a qualitative approach. The registered nurses, who have been working in the clinics for more than two years and have been exposed to the expansion programmes there, were purposively sampled. Two focus group interviews were conducted in a neutral place and the data collected by the researcher Nnoi A. Xaba (N.A.X.). Data were analysed by the researcher and an independent co-coder using the Tesch method. Categories, subcategories and themes were identified; those that formed the basis of discussion were disabling factors, enabling factors, client-related factors, service-related factors and solutions to problems. It is recommended that integration of programmes and coordination be done at a provincial level and planned together with the training centres in order to alleviate problems in service delivery. Training on expansion programmes in the form of in-service education should be carried out continually in the region.Die doel van die studie was om die persepsie van geregistreerde verpleegkundiges met betrekking tot die faktore wat dienslewering van die uitbreidingsprogramme in ‘n primêre gesondheid opset beinvloed; te eksploreer en te beskryf. ‘n Kwalitatiewe benadering is gevolg in die iutvoering van die studie. ‘n Doelgerigte steekproef is uitgevoer vanuit geregistreerde verpleegkundiges wat vir langer as twee jaar in die klinieke werksaam was en blootgestel is aan die uitbreiding programme. Twee fokus groep onderhoude is deur die navorser Nnoi A. Xaba (N.A.X.) in ‘n neutrale opset uitgevoer. Data is deur die navorser en ʼn onafhanklike kodeerder ontleed volgens Tesch se metode van analise. Kategorieë, sub-kategorieë en temas was geidentifiseer. Die kategorieë fundamenteel tot die bespreking behels: remmende faktore, bydraende faktore, kliënt-verwante faktore, diens-verwante faktore, en oplossing van probleme. Daar word aanbeveel dat die integrasie en koordinasie van programme op provisiale vlak beplan word in samewerking met opleidings instansies om die dienslewerings probleem te verlig. In die streek behoort opleiding met betrekking tot die uitbreidingsprogramme deurlopend deur middel van indiensopleiding gedoen word

Health promoters' contribution regarding health promotion for families with adolescents within the HIV and AIDS context

Health care workers are faced with increased workloads because of clients who are suffering from different types of chronic illnesses, including HIV and AIDS. This article explored and described the role of health promoters regarding health promotion programmes for families with adolescents that have been orphaned by the HIV and AIDS endemic. A descriptive, qualitative phenomenological study was employed. The population involved health promoters in the Hammanskraal region in rural South Africa. The participants were purposively selected for focus group interviews. Data were qualitatively analysed. Various health promoters’ contributions were identified regarding home visits, patient care, social care and health education. The contributions of health promoters were visible and efficient in the communities. It was recommended that the community, the governmental and non-governmental organisations should train and support health promoters to assist in service delivery for local communities.The project was supported by a postdoctoral grant from the University of Pretoria.http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Faculties/humanities/departments/socialwork/TheSocialWorkPractionerResearcherJournal/Pages/home.aspxam2016Social Work and Criminolog

Challenges Related to the Structure of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Services in Public Health Facilities in the Tshwane District of Gauteng

In 1997 South Africa legalised termination of pregnancy services for all women living within the country. It is now more than a decade since Choice on Termination of Pregnancy (CTOP) services have been implemented however, the state of the infrastructure of CTOP services in public health facilities is a cause for concern. The assessment of the quality of CTOP services in public health facilities has been seriously neglected. The objectives of the study were to assess, determine and evaluate the challenges related to the quality of the infrastructure of CTOP services in public health facilities. A quantitative, nonexperimental cross-sectional survey design was used. The population comprised of facility/quality managers, registeredprofessional nurses and midwives. A universal sampling method was used. Data was collected from healthcare professionals who were involved in procuring CTOP services. The public health facilities were assessed in terms of space adequacy, provision of privacy, availability of ablution facilities, rest room as well as human and material resources using the Donabedian model. It was found that insufficient provision was made to the  infrastructure of public health facilities to accommodate the high demand for CTOP services. Structural challenges remain a barrier in meeting the objectives of the CTOP services. There is evidence of significant differences between the facility/quality managers versus the professional nurses regarding their response to space provided for rendering CTOP services. The study recommends the revitalisation of the structure of CTOP services to improve the quality rendered. Keywords: Challenges, structure, CTOP, public health facilitie

Challenges experienced by healthcare providers with regard to the provision of school healthcare services in Tshwane sub-district, Gauteng Province

Children of school-going age are faced with multiple challenges that need professional interventions from educators and healthcare providers. This study sought to explore and describe the challenges experienced by healthcare providers with regard to the provision of school healthcare in the Tshwane sub-district, Gauteng Province. A qualitative, descriptive phenomenological design was used because of its holistic and contextualised nature. The population consisted of healthcare providers who were working in collaboration with the school health nurses, as well as being members of the community. These participants were conveniently and purposefully selected. Twenty-two healthcare providers were selected. Data were collected through the use of individual interviews until data saturation was attained. The interviews were based on the question: “What are the challenges you experience as healthcare provider regarding the provision of school health services in the Tshwane sub-district, Gauteng Province? Researchers followed the adapted Colaizzi’s method (1978) of data analysis in Polit and Beck (2012). All transcripts were read repeatedly and the data was reviewed, coded and categorised into the sections applicable to the problem statement. From the challenges experienced three main themes evolved by health care providers and these included: the need for early and frequent school health visits, the lack of collaboration in school health programmes, and the care provided to HIV positive children of schoolgoing age. It was evident that the challenges school health service providers faced included limited resources, inconsistency in existing school health service rendering, and poor collaboration between the stakeholders involved. These challenges create a major barrier for the delivery of school health services in South Africa. The participants recommended that partnerships and collaboration should be established in order to establish a healthy educational environment and promote frequent and sustained school visits.http://www.unisa.ac.za/Default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=24782http://reference.sabinet.co.za/sa_epublication/ajnmam2016Nursing Scienc

Health promotion strategies for families with adolescents orphaned by HIV and AIDS

PURPOSE : This paper aims to explore and describe health promotion strategies for adolescents orphaned by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), as well as the evaluation thereof. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND : Among the Sub-Saharan countries, such as Swaziland, Botswana and Lesotho, South Africa is rated as fourth in the list of countries with the highest number of people living with HIV and AIDS. METHOD : The study employed phenomenological qualitative design. The population consisted of the purposively selected health promoters working in the Hammanskraal region, directly and indirectly involved with families with adolescents orphaned by HIV and AIDS. Following the focus group interviews, data were analysed using the seven steps of Colaizzi. RESULTS : Four categories and eight subcategories were concluded as the strategies for adolescents orphaned by HIV and AIDS as well as the evaluation thereof. The main categories identified were: the door-to-door outcome, workshop outputs, statistical data and community projects. DISCUSSION : It is evident that the health promotion strategies informed by the four themes will be implemented. The outcomes may raise an awareness in the community, support families and provide statistics on the impact of HIV and AIDS on families. STUDY LIMITATIONS : The study was limited to one subdistrict and to health promoters in a rural area, therefore the results cannot be generalized to all other subdistricts including health promoters, especially those in urban areas. CONCLUSION : The successful evaluation programme will pin out the strong points and challenges while assisting in improving the quality of work provided in the communities. Implication for nursing and health policy: Continuing professional and practice development are required to maintain the standard of health care in South Africa. Therefore the policymakers need to include relevant information regarding health promotion strategies in reducing the statistics of people living with HIV and AIDS.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1466-7657hb201

LATAR BELAKANG PENOLAKAN REPUBLIK CEKO TERHADAP PERJANJIAN LISABON TAHUN 2008

Trying to be a more efficient, more effective and more transparent international organization, European Union is now processing a forward-looking Treaty, called Treaty of Lisbon. Treaty of Lisbon aims at reaching a better European Union, based on six principal pillars, such as: a permanent European Union President, European Union Ministry of Foreign Affairs, conducting voting mechanism, larger rights of European Parliament and national parliament, reducing the number of European Commissioner and an exit clause for the member of European Union. Those six pillars of new European Union are supposed to be put into implementation by January 2009. Both houses of the Czech parliament have ratified the treaty, in February and May 2009. However, President Václav Klaus was opposed to the ratification of the Lisbon Treaty at that time. He called for the process to be brought to an end and stated that he was in "no hurry" to ratify the document. In September 2008, he had also stated that he would not sign the treaty until Ireland had ratified it. Prior to that, President Klaus stated that he was awaiting the verdict of the Constitutional Court concerning a complaint submitted by senators against certain parts of the treaty. The Court dismissed this complaint on 26 November 2008. However, the senators proceeded to request the Constitutional Court to assess the treaty as a whole. On 29 September 2009 a group of Czech senators lodged a fresh complaint with the Constitutional Court. According to Czech Constitution, the treaty cannot be ratified until a ruling of the Constitutional Court is delivered. Beside the constitutional challenge president Klaus, notwithstanding Czech parliament approval of the treaty, asked for an opt-out from the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. He said that, were the charter to gain full legal strength, it would jeopardise the Beneš decrees, and in particular the decree that confiscated, without giving compensation, the properties of Germans and Hungarians during the Second World War. These decrees are still part of the domestic law of both Czech Republic and Slovakia (the latter not having requested any exemption from the charter). President Klaus said that this opt out is therefore a necessary condition for him to sign the document. It should be noted that this argument had been already invoked by right-wing populists, when both countries were ready to accede to the European Union. In 2002 the EU Commission asked a legal opinion on compatibility of the decrees with the EU treaties. In the opinion it was argued that, were the Beneš decrees enacted today, they would breach EU treaties, but since they were enacted in 1945 their status would have been unaffected. The opinion quotes a sentence on this subject by the European Court of Human Rights in order to explain that, even if the EU, as the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, recognises the right to ownership as a fundamental right, the treaties cannot have a retroactive effect

Perceptions of student nurses regarding accompaniment in the clinical environment in Gauteng Province, South Africa

This study explores the perceptions of student nurses during accompaniment in the clinical environment. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive research approach was applied on 24 student nurses’ to explore their perceptions during accompaniment in the clinical environment. The participants were conveniently and purposively selected. The student nurses were registered for their first year of training. Data was generated through two focus group interviews comprising of 12 student nurses each. Unstructured focus groups interviews were conducted during data collection. Studies have confirmed that student nurses who are not adequately accompanied during placement are unable to attain the learning outcomes set by their programme most students were dissatisfied with accompaniment and failed summative practical evaluation. Persons assigned to teach and facilitate learning in this environment were not readily available to take up this responsibility. Data analysis revealed the following findings; a disregard of student status by clinical staff, hostile clinical environment, inadequate clinical supervision and lack of commitment by professional nurses in teaching students and caring for patients under their care. To achieve efficient and effective accompaniment, student status should be recognised by clinical staff, creation of conducive learning environment should be created and appropriate supervision of students be facilitated by professional nurses in the clinical environment.http://www.ajol.info/journal_index.php?jid=153&ab=ajpherd2017-10-31am201