Correlation analysis of milk production traits across three generations of Simmental cows

The relationship between milk production traits over whole lactations was evaluated across three generations of Simmental cows (between daughters, dams and granddams) by a corelation analysis with whole lactation traits in the daughter generation being used as the dependent variables (x<sub>1</sub>), and those in the dam and granddam generations being used as the independent variables (x<sub>2</sub> and  x<sub>3</sub>). The results were obtained from a sample of 1170 daughters and as many dams and  granddams. The correlation of whole lactation milk production traits between daughters, dams and  granddams, as calculated by simple, partial and multiple correlation coefficients was very weak or  non-existent. All of the calculated simple and partial correlation coefficients were positive and mostly  statistically very significant (P<0.01). The calculated coefficients of multiple correlation (R1.23) between  lactation length, milk fat content, milk yield, milk fat yield and 4% FCM yield with the expression of the traits in the daughters being used as the dependent variable and that in the dams and granddams as the independent variable were statistically very significant (P<0.01), amounting to 0.091, 0.251, 0.180, 0.133 and 0.153, respectively.Key words: Simmental breed, production traits, generation, coefficient of partial correlation, coefficient of multiple correlation

Ekonomski parametri u proizvodnji mleka na poljoprivrednom gazdinstvu

This article presents the economic analysis of two farms A and B for the period 2013-2015. Based on the data for the three years, the income and value of realized production, variable costs and gross margin were calculated, and values were measured per dairy cow for easier comparison. Efficiency in milk production largely depends on the cost of feeding dairy cows, as well on the selling price of milk. These parameters changed in the research period on both farms and significantly impacted the values of realized gross margin.U radu je data ekonomska analiza dva poljoprivredna gazdinstva A i B za period od 2013-2015. godine. Na osnovu praćenih podataka za tri godine izračunati su prihodi i vrednosti ostvarene proizvodnje, varijabilni troškovi i bruto marža, a radi lakše komparacije iskazani su rezultati po muznom grlu. Efikasnost u proizvodnji mleka u velikoj meri zavisi od troškova ishrane muznih krava, kao i prodajne cene mleka, ovi parametri su bili promenljivi u posmatranom periodu na oba gazdinstva i značajno su uticali na ostvarene vrednosti bruto marže

Procena energetskog i proteinskog statusa mlečnih krava na osnovu sadržaja proteina, masti i uree u mleku

The objective of this study was to determine energy and protein status of dairzu cows on the basis changes of fat, protein and urea contents in milk. The experimental cows were assigned to three groups: Group 1 (n=12) including clinically healthy in the start lactation (7±3) days after calving , Group 2 (n=12) comprising clinically healthy cows in the early lactation (22±15) days after calving and Group 3 (n=12) made up of clinically healthy mid lactation cows (133±75) days of lactation. Milk samples were collected from all experimental cows. Milk samples were analysed for fat, protein and urea to estimate energy and protein status in the cows. In the groups cows in early lactation diet was adequate supplied with energy, but with sufficit in the protein.The cows are under state of strong negative energy balance. In the group of cows in mid lactation diet was optimal with energy, but with suficit in the protein.The cows were in mild negative energy billance. Estimation energy and protein status on the basis the changes of fat, proten and urea contents in the milk can be the efficiently diagnostic method in the farms of dairy cows,Cilj ovog rada je bio da se odredi energetski i proteinski status krava rase Holštajn na osnovu promena vrednosti koncentracija masti, uree i proteina u mleku tokom postpartalnog perioda i pune laktacije. Životinje su svrstane u tri grupe. U prvoj grupi (Grupa 1, n=12),) nalazile su se klinički zdrave krave na samom početku laktacije, kod kojih je mleko uzorkovano u periodu (7±3) dana posle teljenja. U drugoj grupi (Grupa 2 , n =12), su bile klinički zdrave krave kod kojih je mleko uzorkovano u periodu od 10 do 30 dana posle teljenja (22±15 dana), dok su u trećoj grupi (Grupa 3, n=12), bile klinički zdrave u punoj laktaciji i to u periodu od 90 do 150 dana laktacije (133± 75 dana). Iz uzorkovanog mleka određivane su koncentracije masti, proteina i uree. Na osnovu promena vrednosti masti, proteina i uree u mleku i njihovog međusobnog odnosa utvrđivan je energetski i proteinski status kod mlečnih krava. Kod grupa krava na početku laktacije na osnovu sastava mleka može se zaključiti da je obrok bio optimalno snabdeven sa energijom, ali postoji suficit proteina. Krave se nalaze u stanju izraženog negativnog bilansa energije. Kod grupe krave u punoj laktaciji obrok je bio optimalno snabdeven sa energijom, ali postoji suficit proteina. Krave se nalaze u stanju blagog negativnog bilansa energije. Procena energetskog i proteinskog statusa mlečnih krava na osnovu promena vrednosti masti, proteina i uree u mleku i njihovog međusobnog odnosa predstavlja pouzdanu i jeftinu i lako primenjivu dijagnostičku metodu na farmamam mlečnih krava

Uticaj fiksnih i kontinuelnih ambijentalnih faktora na proizvodnju 4% mast-korigovanog mleka u prve tri laktacije kod krava simentalske rase

The effect of paragenetic factors on 4% FCM yield in complete and standard lactations was studied in 241 Simmental cows. Farm, lactation number, birth season, calving season, their interactions and age at first conception were evaluated for their effect on the trait. The mathematical and statistical analysis of the data obtained, i.e. least square means, standard error, analysis of variance and coefficient determination, were calculated using the General Linear Model procedure. The effects of farm, lactation group and year of birth on the trait were very highly significant (P 0.05) on the production of 4% FCM, either in whole or in standard lactations. The interaction between birth season, calving season and year of birth was variable and ranged from insignificant to very significant. Age at first conception produced a significant (P0.05) effect on 4% FCM yield in complete and standard (bxy=0.693ns) lactations, respectively.Uticaj paragenetskih faktora na proizvodnju 4%MKM u celim i standardnim laktacijama ispitivan je na uzorku od 241 krave simentalske rase. Na ispoljenost ove osobine ispitivan je uticaj farme, broja laktacija, sezone rođenja i telenja, njihovih interakcija i uzrasta pri prvoj oplodnji. Matematičko-statistička analiza podataka, odnosno sve potrebne veličine, kao što su sredine najmanjih kvadrata, standardne greške, analiza varijanse i koeficijenti determinacije izračunate su u programskoj proceduri Opšti linearni model (GLM procedura). Uticaj farme, grupe laktacija i godine rođenja na ispoljenost ove osobine bio je vrlo visoko značajan (P0.05) na proizvodnju 4%MKM kako u celim tako i standardnim laktacijama. Uticaj interakcije između sezone rođenja,, sezone telenja i godine rođenja bio je varjabilan, i kretao se od nesignifikantnog do vrlo značajnog. Uzrast pri prvoj oplodnji statistički značajno (P0.05). Koeficijenta determinacije (R2) bio je vrlo visoko značajan (p<0.001) i kretao se od 0.623 kod proizvodnje 4%MKM u celim do 0.652 kod proizvodnje 4%MKM u standardnim laktacijama

Laboratorijska i patohistološka dijagnostika masne jetre kod krava u peripartalnom periodu

Peripartal period of dairy cows is characterized by the appearance of numerous metabolic diseases and their impact on the quality and cost-effectiveness of production. Fat accumulation in liver is a common finding in cows during late pregnancy and in the first three weeks of lactation. A fatty liver represents a disorder of metabolism of fat and carbohydrates, and is conditioned by a negative energy balance. All categories of dairy cows, especially obese cows and cows with a long service period, are predisposed. The main preventive measure is the optimization and use of balanced meals in quantitative and energy terms during the period of drying and early lactation.Peripartalni period mlečnih krava se karakteriše pojavom mnogobrojnih metaboličkih bolesti i njihovim uticajem na kvalitet i ekonomičnost proizvodnje. Nakupljanje masti u jetri je čest nalaz kod krava za vreme kasnog graviditeta i u prve tri nedelje laktacije. Masna jetra predstavlja poremećaj metabolizma masti i ugljenih hidrata, a uslovljen je negativnim energetskim bilansom. Predisponirane su sve kategorije mlečnih krava, a posebno gojazne krave i krave sa dugim servis periodom. Kao osnovna preventivna mera navodi se optimizacija i korišćenje izbalansiranih obroka u kvantitativnom i energetskom smislu tokom perioda zasušenja i rane laktacije

Ispitivanje kvaliteta trupova mladih bikova prema standardima EU

The quality of the carcassеs has been the subject of interest, for both primary production and meat industry. The classification of carcasses is conducted immediately after veterinary examination and weight of carcasses. This study examines the quality of 42 young cattle carcasses slaughtered in a slaughterhouse in Raška district, according to the standard (SEUROP) that is applied in EU countries but has not yet been applied in Serbia. Based on the estimated value and classification in class of the carcasses, it is possible to provide appropriate financial compensation to producers ie. owners of animals and thus stimulate them to produce the best quality animals for slaughter.Kvalitet trupova zaklanih životinja je predmet interesovanja, kako primarne proizvodnje, tako i industrije mesa. Postupak klasiranja trupova odnosno pulutki sprovodi se u klanicama neposredno nakon veterinarskog pregleda i utvrđivanja mase trupa. U radu je ispitan kvalitet 42 trupa junadi, zaklanih u jednoj klanici u Raškom okrugu, prema standardu koji se primenjuje u zemljama Evropske Unije (SEUROP), a koji se još ne primenjuje u Srbiji. Nа osnovu procenjene vrednosti trupovа zаklаnih životinjа i rаzvrstаvаnjа u klаse, moguće je izvršiti odgovаrаjuću novčаnu nаdoknаdu proizvođаčima tj. vlаsnicima životinjа i na taj način ih stimulisati da proizvode što kvalitetnije životinje za klanje

Uticaj sistema gajenja koka nosilja na masu jaja

The aim of this paper is to present effect of rearing system of lazing hens on weight of table eggs. Monitored rearing systems were: conventional cage, floor system with deep litter and organic rearing system. The hybrid used for the experiment was 52 week old ISA Brown. Table eggs from cage and floor rearing systems are not differed among themselves by weight, while organic eggs was significantly lighter than both groups.U radu je analiziran uticaj sistema gajenja koka nosilja na masu konzumnih jaja. Posmatrani sistemi gajenja bili su: konvencionalni kavezni, podni sistem sa dubokom prostirkom i organski sistem gajenja. Ispitivan je hibrid ISA Brown u 52. nedelji starosti. Jaja za konzum iz kaveznog i podnog sistema gajenja nisu se međusobno razlikovala po masi, dok su organska jaja bila statistički značajno lakša od obe pomenute grupe

Procena funkcionalnog stanja ćelija jetre kod mlečnih krava na osnovu promena serumske aktinosti AST,ALT,GGT I LDH

This study examined the activities of aspartate-amino-transferase (AST), alanine-amino-transferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT) and lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood serum of 45 dairy Simmental cows divided into three groups according to production period. The first group (n = 15) consisted of late pregnant dairy cows, the second group (n = 15) cows in the early lactation, and the third group (n = 15) cow in mid lactation. The significant higher activity (P0.05) serum activities in early lactation cows than in the late pregnant and mid lactation cows. The higher serum activities of GGT (P>0.05) and LDH (P0.05) kod krava na početku laktacije u odnosu na grupe krava u zasušenju i u sredini laktacije Veće aktivnosti GGT (P>0.05) i LDH (P<0.05) u krvnom serumu su utvrđene kod krava u ranoj laktaciji u odnosu na aktivnosti ovih enzima u serumu kod zasušenih krava i krava u sredini laktacije. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na mogućnost blagog stepena oštećenja ćelija jetre, odnosno masnu infiltraciju hepatocita kod krava na početku laktacije. Serumske aktivnosti AST su bile u značajnoj korelaciji (P<0.05) sa aktivnostima ALT, GGT i LDH u krvnom serumu pa AST može biti najosteljiviji indikator u utvrđivanju funkcionalnog stanja jetre kod mlečnih krava tokom tranzicionog perioda i sredine laktacije

Uticaj završne mase mladih bikova simentalske rase na randman

Domestic Simmental is the most common breed of catlle in our country. The quality of the carcassеs have been the subject of interest, both primary production and the meat industry. The classification of carcasses is conducted immediately after veterinary examination and weight of carcasses and determinate of carcasses mass. In this paper was investigated the influence finished mass of young bulls of Simmental race on randman and depedence randman from finished mass of young bulls. The investigation was carried out on the 54 carcasses young bulls devided in two groups. The first group of young bulls was from 450 to 500 kg mass, and secund group between 550 to 600 kg. The results of investigation are showed that randman in first group was between 42% to 56%, and in secund group from 49% to 57%.Domaće šareno goveče u tipu simentalca je rasa goveda koja se najviše gaji na našim prostorima. Kvаlitet trupovа zаklаnih životinjа je predmet interesovаnjа, kаko primаrne proizvodnje, tаko i industrije mesа. Postupаk klаsirаnjа trupovа odnosno polutki sprovodi se u klаnicаmа neposredno nаkon veterinаrskog pregledа i utvrđivаnjа mаse trupа. U rаdu je ispitаn uticaj završne mase mladih bikova simentalske rase iz otkupa na randman i zavisnost randmana od završne mase mladih bikova. Ispitivаnje je sprovedeno nа 54 trupа junаdi (mlаdih bikovа) podeljenih u dve grupe. Prvu grupu su činili bikovi završne telesne mаse 450-500 kg, a drugu 550-600 kg. Rezultati su pokazali da se randman kod prve grupe kretao od 42% do 56%, a kod druge grupe od 49% do 57%