Temperature drives variation in flying insect biomass across a German malaise trap network

1. Among the many concerns for biodiversity in the Anthropocene, recent reports of flying insect loss are particularly alarming, given their importance as pollinators, pest control agents, and as a food source. Few insect monitoring programmes cover the large spatial scales required to provide more generalizable estimates of insect responses to global change drivers. 2. We ask how climate and surrounding habitat affect flying insect biomass using data from the first year of a new monitoring network at 84 locations across Germany comprising a spatial gradient of land cover types from protected to urban and crop areas. 3. Flying insect biomass increased linearly with temperature across Germany. However, the effect of temperature on flying insect biomass flipped to negative in the hot months of June and July when local temperatures most exceeded long-term averages. 4. Land cover explained little variation in insect biomass, but biomass was lowest in forests. Grasslands, pastures, and orchards harboured the highest insect biomass. The date of peak biomass was primarily driven by surrounding land cover, with grasslands especially having earlier insect biomass phenologies. 5. Standardised, large-scale monitoring provides key insights into the underlying processes of insect decline and is pivotal for the development of climate-adapted strategies to promote insect diversity. In a temperate climate region, we find that the positive effects of temperature on flying insect biomass diminish in a German summer at locations where temperatures most exceeded long-term averages. Our results highlight the importance of local adaptation in climate change-driven impacts on insect communities

Large rivers’ fish assemblages under multiple pressures

Europäische große Flüsse wurden über Jahrhunderte entscheidend verändert und zu Wasserstraßen für die Schifffahrt ausgebaut. Flussregulierung, Begradigung und Hochwasserschutz tragen zu multiplen Stressoren bei, wobei die Schifffahrt bislang keine Beachtung als potentieller zusätzlicher Einflussfaktor (Stressor) fand. Die zentrale Fragestellung dieser Arbeit befasste sich mit der Rolle der Schifffahrt zwischen multiplen Stressoren und deren Auswirkungen auf die Fischgemeinschaften großer Flüsse. Hierzu wurde die „Large River Fish Database“ (LRDB), ein weltweit einzigartiger Datensatz zusammengestellt, der 2693 Befischungen an 358 Probestellen in 16 europäischen großen Flüssen enthält. Die Probestellen sind durch verschiedene Einflussfaktoren (Stressoren) und Schiffsverkehr beschrieben. Um ein für große Flüsse repräsentatives Abbild der Fischgemeinschaften zu erhalten, wurden zunächst die angewendeten Fischfangmethoden analysiert. Mit der Elektrofischerei wurden die höchsten Fischdichten und die höchste Biodiversität erfasst. Die Elektrofischerei ist daher für eine repräsentative Erfassung der Fischgemeinschaften großer Flüsse geeignet und wurde für weitere Analysen ausgewählt. Die kommerzielle Frachtschifffahrt trat als einer der einflussreichsten Stressoren hervor, zusammen mit erhöhter Fließgeschwindigkeit und dem Verlust von Überschwemmungsflächen. Dichten von insbesondere Habitat-sensitiven Fischen sanken bereits ab acht Frachtschiffen pro Tag signifikant ab. Darüberhinaus hatte auch die Freizeitschifffahrt (Flusskreuzfahrten und motorisierte Sportboote) deutliche und zu Frachtschiffen unterscheidbare ökologische Konsequenzen. Die Wirkungen der Schifffahrt sind ebenso verheerend wie die der hydromorphologischen Degradierung und benötigen eine gesonderte Beachtung im Flussmanagement und der Flussrevitalisierung. Freizeitboote und Flussdampfer wirken der Flussrenaturierung kleinerer Wasserstraßen entgegen und gefährden den ökologischen Erfolg des Blauen Bandes.European large rivers have been tremendously modified over centuries and transformed into waterways for inland navigation. Extensive river modifications such as river regulation, channel straightening and flood protection have resulted in multiple pressures. However, inland navigation has not been considered as a potential pressure yet. This thesis aimed to assess the role of inland navigation among the most prevailing pressures in large rivers under field conditions. A worldwide unique and complementary dataset, the Large River Fish Database (LRDB) was compiled. The LRDB consists of 2693 fish samples assessed at 358 sampling sites in 16 European large rivers. Sites were characterized by various pressure variables and frequencies of ship traffic. To derive representative samples of large rivers fish assemblages, performance of various fishing gears applied was assessed. Electrofishing samples represented highest densities of fish and highest overall biodiversity. Therefore, electrofishing is suitable for fish-based assessments of large rivers and only electrofishing samples were selected to assess multiple pressures and inland navigation. Commercial cargo navigation appeared as the most influential pressures on large rivers fish assemblages among increased velocities and the loss of floodplains. Starting at already eight passing vessels per day, densities of particularly habitat-sensitive spawners significantly declined. Moreover, recreational navigation such as river cruises and motorized sport boats had distinct ecological consequences to those of cargo vessels. Inland navigation is as detrimental as the hydromorphological degradation of the river channel and requires specific attention in river management and rehabilitation. Pleasure boating (river cruises and sport boats) will counteract river rehabilitation also in smaller waterways and delimit ecological success of the Blue Band initiative in Germany

Large rivers’ fish assemblages under multiple pressures

Europäische große Flüsse wurden über Jahrhunderte entscheidend verändert und zu Wasserstraßen für die Schifffahrt ausgebaut. Flussregulierung, Begradigung und Hochwasserschutz tragen zu multiplen Stressoren bei, wobei die Schifffahrt bislang keine Beachtung als potentieller zusätzlicher Einflussfaktor (Stressor) fand. Die zentrale Fragestellung dieser Arbeit befasste sich mit der Rolle der Schifffahrt zwischen multiplen Stressoren und deren Auswirkungen auf die Fischgemeinschaften großer Flüsse. Hierzu wurde die „Large River Fish Database“ (LRDB), ein weltweit einzigartiger Datensatz zusammengestellt, der 2693 Befischungen an 358 Probestellen in 16 europäischen großen Flüssen enthält. Die Probestellen sind durch verschiedene Einflussfaktoren (Stressoren) und Schiffsverkehr beschrieben. Um ein für große Flüsse repräsentatives Abbild der Fischgemeinschaften zu erhalten, wurden zunächst die angewendeten Fischfangmethoden analysiert. Mit der Elektrofischerei wurden die höchsten Fischdichten und die höchste Biodiversität erfasst. Die Elektrofischerei ist daher für eine repräsentative Erfassung der Fischgemeinschaften großer Flüsse geeignet und wurde für weitere Analysen ausgewählt. Die kommerzielle Frachtschifffahrt trat als einer der einflussreichsten Stressoren hervor, zusammen mit erhöhter Fließgeschwindigkeit und dem Verlust von Überschwemmungsflächen. Dichten von insbesondere Habitat-sensitiven Fischen sanken bereits ab acht Frachtschiffen pro Tag signifikant ab. Darüberhinaus hatte auch die Freizeitschifffahrt (Flusskreuzfahrten und motorisierte Sportboote) deutliche und zu Frachtschiffen unterscheidbare ökologische Konsequenzen. Die Wirkungen der Schifffahrt sind ebenso verheerend wie die der hydromorphologischen Degradierung und benötigen eine gesonderte Beachtung im Flussmanagement und der Flussrevitalisierung. Freizeitboote und Flussdampfer wirken der Flussrenaturierung kleinerer Wasserstraßen entgegen und gefährden den ökologischen Erfolg des Blauen Bandes. European large rivers have been tremendously modified over centuries and transformed into waterways for inland navigation. Extensive river modifications such as river regulation, channel straightening and flood protection have resulted in multiple pressures. However, inland navigation has not been considered as a potential pressure yet. This thesis aimed to assess the role of inland navigation among the most prevailing pressures in large rivers under field conditions. A worldwide unique and complementary dataset, the Large River Fish Database (LRDB) was compiled. The LRDB consists of 2693 fish samples assessed at 358 sampling sites in 16 European large rivers. Sites were characterized by various pressure variables and frequencies of ship traffic. To derive representative samples of large rivers fish assemblages, performance of various fishing gears applied was assessed. Electrofishing samples represented highest densities of fish and highest overall biodiversity. Therefore, electrofishing is suitable for fish-based assessments of large rivers and only electrofishing samples were selected to assess multiple pressures and inland navigation. Commercial cargo navigation appeared as the most influential pressures on large rivers fish assemblages among increased velocities and the loss of floodplains. Starting at already eight passing vessels per day, densities of particularly habitat-sensitive spawners significantly declined. Moreover, recreational navigation such as river cruises and motorized sport boats had distinct ecological consequences to those of cargo vessels. Inland navigation is as detrimental as the hydromorphological degradation of the river channel and requires specific attention in river management and rehabilitation. Pleasure boating (river cruises and sport boats) will counteract river rehabilitation also in smaller waterways and delimit ecological success of the Blue Band initiative in Germany

The gain of additional sampling methods for the fish-based assessment of large rivers

Fishes serve as indicators in ecological assessments of European large rivers. Electrofishing is the standard fishing method although it is restricted to the shallow littoral shoreline. Fish occurring in the open water zone of the main channel remain consequently underestimated. Additional sampling methods that cover the mid-channel of rivers could close the electrofishing-gap, but strengths’, weaknesses and gains of both electrofishing and additional sampling methods for fish-based assessments of large rivers have not been contrasted yet. We analyzed a unique dataset consisting of 2693 fish samplings in European large rivers and compared electrofishing with the additional sampling methods trawling, seining, and drift-netting. We compiled fish metrics commonly used in fish-based assessments yielded by the different gears and highlight the differences in fish species, biodiversity metrics (Shannon Index, Evenness, Simpson Index), the Fish Region Index (FRI) and densities of fish in selected guilds (eurytopic, rheophilic, lithophilic, phytophilic, psammophilic, potamal) that are considered indicative for the degradation of habitats in large rivers. Electrofishing yielded overall highest numbers of species, biodiversity metrics and densities of fish guilds, except for the number of migratory and Habitat Directive species, the FRI and densities of potamal fish. The additional gears, predominantly trawling, captured additional rheophilic and lithophilic species. Trawling also assessed most migratory and Habitat Directive species and yielded higher densities of potamal fish as well as larger fish than electrofishing. Trawl catches further estimated higher biodiversity compared to seining, while the latter yielded higher densities of eurytopic, rheophilic, lithophilic and phytophilic fish. Drift-netting yielded the lowest estimates overall but sample size was very low. We suggest that electrofishing is an appropriate method to assess and evaluate the effects of hydromorphological degradation and rehabilitation on fish, and to guide river management. It sufficiently well represents the typical fish assemblage of large rivers despite its restriction to the shoreline. In contrast, assessing specifically Habitat Directive, migratory and rare species, as well as obtaining complete species inventories, e.g., for biodiversity assessments, requires complementary sampling of the mid-channel of large rivers by additional gears such as trawling

The effects of recreational and commercial navigation on fish assemblages in large rivers

Recreational and commercial navigation is omnipresent, rendering European large rivers highways for cargo vessels, passenger ships and sport boats. Any types of motorized vessels create waves and drawdown eroding shallow shore areas. Consequently, inland navigation alters the living environment of fish with specific habitat requirements on nursing, hatching and spawning along shorelines. We assess the influence of recreational (sport boats) and commercial navigation (passenger ships, cargo vessels) on fish assemblages. Seven fish population metrics (FPM) were analyzed for 396 fish samplings at 88 sites in six large rivers characterized by seven different estimates of navigation intensity to identify FPM sensitive to inland navigation. Navigation intensity was characterized by frequency, total freight transported, total carrying capacity, degree of capacity utilization and by numbers of empty running vessels, aiming to approximate whether frequency, freight or draft of cargo vessels matter most. Densities of lithophilic fish were most sensitive to frequencies of sport boats, passenger ships and cargo vessels and declined as navigation traffic increased. Densities of rheophilic fish declined likewise but were less sensitive than lithophils. Frequency, freight and carrying capacity of cargo vessels had comparable effects on FPM and are equally useful in addition to frequency of sport boats and passenger ships to assess the impacts of recreational and commercial navigation on fish assemblages. Lower species richness indicated a specific influence of vessel draft on fish diversity. Our study shows that both recreational and commercial navigation impair fish assemblages in navigable rivers. Operation-related navigation impacts act on top of river regulation and engineering works to maintain fairways in the main channel. Therefore, impacts from recreational and commercial navigation must be especially addressed in addition to mitigating impacts from river regulation and hydromorphological degradation to achieve environmental objectives such as species conservation, ecological improvements and river rehabilitation

Disentangling multiple pressures on fish assemblages in large rivers

European large rivers are exposed to multiple human pressures and maintained as waterways for inland navigation. However, little is known on the dominance and interactions of multiple pressures in large rivers and in particular inland navigation has been ignored in multi-pressure analyzes so far. We determined the response of ten fish population metrics (FPM, related to densities of diagnostic guilds and biodiversity) to 11 prevailing pressures including navigation intensity at 76 sites in eight European large rivers. Thereby, we aimed to derive indicative FPM for the most influential pressures that can serve for fish-based assessments. Pressures' influences, impacts and interactions were determined for each FPM using bootstrapped regression tree models. Increased flow velocity, navigation intensity and the loss of floodplains had the highest influences on guild densities and biodiversity. Interactions between navigation intensity and loss of floodplains and between navigation intensity and increased flow velocity were most frequent, each affecting 80% of the FPM. Further, increased sedimentation, channelization, organic siltation, the presence of artificial embankments and the presence of barriers had strong influences on at least one FPM. Thereby, each FPM was influenced by up to five pressures. However, some diagnostic FPM could be derived: Species richness, Shannon and Simpson Indices, the Fish Region Index and lithophilic and psammophilic guilds specifically indicate rhithralisation of the potamal region of large rivers. Lithophilic, phytophilic and psammophilic guilds indicate disturbance of shoreline habitats through both (i) wave action induced by passing vessels and (ii) hydromorphological degradation of the river channel that comes along with inland navigation. In European large rivers, inland navigation constitutes a highly influential pressure that adds on top of the prevailing hydromorphological degradation. Therefore, river management has to consider river hydromorphology and inland navigation to efficiently rehabilitate the potamal region of large rives

Long-term data reveal unimodal responses of ground beetle abundance to precipitation and land use but no changes in taxonomic and functional diversity

While much of global biodiversity is undoubtedly under threat, the responses of ecological communities to changing climate, land use intensification, and long-term changes in both taxonomic and functional diversity over time, has still not been fully explored for many taxonomic groups, especially invertebrates. We compiled time series of ground beetles covering the past two decades from 40 sites located in five regions across Germany. We calculated site-based trends for 21 community metrics representing taxonomic and functional diversity of ground beetles, activity density (a proxy for abundance), and activity densities of functional groups. We assessed both overall and regional temporal trends and the influence of the global change drivers of temperature, precipitation, and land use on ground beetle communities. While we did not detect overall temporal changes in ground beetle taxonomic and functional diversity, taxonomic turnover changed within two regions, illustrating that community change at the local scale does not always correspond to patterns at broader spatial scales. Additionally, ground beetle activity density had a unimodal response to both annual precipitation and land use. Limited temporal change in ground beetle communities may indicate a shifting baseline, where community degradation was reached prior to the start of our observation in 1999. In addition, nonlinear responses of animal communities to environmental change present a challenge when quantifying temporal trends

Performance assessment of two whole-lake acoustic positional telemetry systems--is reality mining of free-ranging aquatic animals technologically possible?

Acoustic positional telemetry systems (APTs) represent a novel approach to study the behaviour of free ranging aquatic animals in the wild at unprecedented detail. System manufactures promise remarkably high temporal and spatial resolution. However, the performance of APTs has rarely been rigorously tested at the level of entire ecosystems. Moreover, the effect of habitat structure on system performance has only been poorly documented. Two APTs were deployed to cover two small lakes and a series of standardized stationary tests were conducted to assess system performance. Furthermore, a number of tow tests were conducted to simulate moving fish. Based on these data, we quantified system performance in terms of data yield, accuracy and precision as a function of structural complexity in relation to vegetation. Mean data yield of the two systems was 40% (Lake1) and 60% (Lake2). Average system accuracy (acc) and precision (prec) were Lake1: acc = 3.1 m, prec = 1.1 m; Lake2: acc = 1.0 m, prec = 0.2 m. System performance was negatively affected by structural complexity, i.e., open water habitats yielded far better performance than structurally complex vegetated habitats. Post-processing greatly improved data quality, and sub-meter accuracy and precision were, on average, regularly achieved in Lake2 but remained the exception in the larger and structurally more complex Lake1. Moving transmitters were tracked well by both systems. Whereas overestimation of moved distance is inevitable for stationary transmitters due to accumulation of small tracking errors, moving transmitters can result in both over- and underestimation of distances depending on circumstances. Both deployed APTs were capable of providing high resolution positional data at the scale of entire lakes and are suitable systems to mine the reality of free ranging fish in their natural environment. This opens important opportunities to advance several fields of study such as movement ecology and animal social networks in the wild. It is recommended that thorough performance tests are conducted in any study utilizing APTs. The APTs tested here appear best suited for studies in structurally simple ecosystems or for studying pelagic species. In such situations, the data quality provided by the APTs is exceptionally high

Data from: Performance assessment of two whole-lake acoustic positional telemetry systems - is reality mining of free-ranging aquatic animals technologically possible?

Acoustic positional telemetry systems (APTs) represent a novel approach to study the behaviour of free ranging aquatic animals in the wild at unprecedented detail. System manufactures promise remarkably high temporal and spatial resolution. However, the performance of APTs has rarely been rigorously tested at the level of entire ecosystems. Moreover, the effect of habitat structure on system performance has only been poorly documented. Two APTs were deployed to cover two small lakes and a series of standardized stationary tests were conducted to assess system performance. Furthermore, a number of tow tests were conducted to simulate moving fish. Based on these data, we quantified system performance in terms of data yield, accuracy and precision as a function of structural complexity in relation to vegetation. Mean data yield of the two systems was 40 % (Lake1) and 60 % (Lake2). Average system accuracy (acc) and precision (prec) were Lake1: acc = 3.1 m, prec = 1.1 m; Lake2: acc = 1.0 m, prec = 0.2 m. System performance was negatively affected by structural complexity, i.e., open water habitats yielded far better performance than structurally complex vegetated habitats. Post-processing greatly improved data quality, and sub-meter accuracy and precision were, on average, regularly achieved in Lake2 but remained the exception in the larger and structurally more complex Lake1. Moving transmitters were tracked well by both systems. Whereas overestimation of moved distance is inevitable for stationary transmitters due to accumulation of small tracking errors, moving transmitters can result in both over- and underestimation of distances depending on circumstances. Both deployed APTs were capable of providing high resolution positional data at the scale of entire lakes and are suitable systems to mine the reality of free ranging fish in their natural environment. This opens important opportunities to advance several fields of study such as movement ecology and animal social networks in the wild. It is recommended that thorough performance tests are conducted in any study utilizing APTs. The APTs tested here appear best suited for studies in structurally simple ecosystems or for studying pelagic species. In such situations, the data quality provided by the APTs is exceptionally high