Syndromes of self-reported psychopathology for ages 18-59 in 29 societies

This study tested the multi-society generalizability of an eight-syndrome assessment model derived from factor analyses of American adults' self-ratings of 120 behavioral, emotional, and social problems. The Adult Self-Report (ASR; Achenbach and Rescorla 2003) was completed by 17,152 18-59-year-olds in 29 societies. Confirmatory factor analyses tested the fit of self-ratings in each sample to the eight-syndrome model. The primary model fit index (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) showed good model fit for all samples, while secondary indices showed acceptable to good fit. Only 5 (0.06%) of the 8,598 estimated parameters were outside the admissible parameter space. Confidence intervals indicated that sampling fluctuations could account for the deviant parameters. Results thus supported the tested model in societies differing widely in social, political, and economic systems, languages, ethnicities, religions, and geographical regions. Although other items, societies, and analytic methods might yield different results, the findings indicate that adults in very diverse societies were willing and able to rate themselves on the same standardized set of 120 problem items. Moreover, their self-ratings fit an eight-syndrome model previously derived from self-ratings by American adults. The support for the statistically derived syndrome model is consistent with previous findings for parent, teacher, and self-ratings of 11/2-18-year-olds in many societies. The ASR and its parallel collateral-report instrument, the Adult Behavior Checklist (ABCL), may offer mental health professionals practical tools for the multi-informant assessment of clinical constructs of adult psychopathology that appear to be meaningful across diverse societies

Personality profiles of cultures: aggregate personality traits

Personality profiles of cultures can be operationalized as the mean trait levels of culture members. College students from 51 cultures rated an individual from their country whom they knew well (N = 12, 156). Aggregate scores on Revised NEO Personality Inventory scales generalized across age and gender groups, approximated the individual-level Five-Factor Model, and correlated with aggregate self-report personality scores and other culture-level variables. Results were not attributable to national differences in economic development or to acquiescence. Geographical differences in scale variances and mean levels were replicated, with Europeans and Americans generally scoring higher in Extraversion than Asians and Africans. Findings support the rough scalar equivalence of NEO-PI-R factors and facets across cultures, and suggest that aggregate personality profiles provide insight into cultural differences

Étude préliminaire sur le test des Trois personnages des schizophrènes

Petot Jean-Michel. Étude préliminaire sur le test des Trois personnages des schizophrènes. In: Bulletin de psychologie, tome 39 n°376, 1986. Psychologie projective III. pp. 535-541

Persécution par les camarades et manifestations anxieuses chez des enfants français âgés de huit à douze ans

International audienceRésuméBut de l'étude De nombreux travaux anglo-saxons ont souligné la fréquence des violences entre enfants dans le cadre scolaire et démontré que celles-ci ont des conséquences psychologiques et psychopathologiques, parmi lesquelles les troubles anxieux sont particulièrement fréquents. Le but de cette étude est d'examiner les liens entre victimisation et manifestations anxieuses chez des enfants français. Participants et méthode Nous avons administré à 734~enfants de 8~à 12~ans (dont 387~filles) recrutés dans des écoles de Paris et de l'Ouest du bassin parisien, le questionnaire de Persécution par les camarades (PPC-17) qui évalue trois formes de victimisation (violence physique, mise à l'écart, insultes-moqueries) et le questionnaire de dépistage des troubles anxieux SCARED (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders) qui évalue cinq syndromes anxieux~: panique/somatique, anxiété généralisée, angoisse de séparation, anxiété sociale et phobie scolaire. Résultats Les garçons déclarent subir plus de violence physique et les filles plus de violence psychologique. Les filles ont des scores plus élevés que les garçons aux échelles évaluant les syndromes anxieux. Presque toutes les formes de victimisation sont corrélées significativement avec tous les syndromes anxieux évalués par la SCARED. Ces corrélations se traduisent par un risque relatif de symptômes anxieux deux à cinq fois plus élevé chez les enfants les plus persécutés que chez les enfants subissant moins d'agressions. Conclusion À la lumière des apports de la recherche internationale, nous interprétons les associations observées dans le sens d'une augmentation du risque de manifestations anxieuses consécutif aux persécutions subies dans le cadre scolaire. AbstractBackground Bullying at school and its psychological and psychopathological consequences have been thoroughly investigated in English-speaking countries and northern Europe for more than 30 years. Initially focused on physical bullying, the perpetrators and victims of which are mainly boys, the research thereafter focused on psychological violence and involvement of girls into bullying and being bullied. Among the many different adverse effects of victimization, anxious disorders are frequently mentioned. However, little research having addressed these issues is available in France and the aim of this study was to examine the links between victimization and anxiety syndromes. Methods A sample of 734~children aged 8~to 12 years (387~girls) was recruited in schools in the Paris district and Normandy. They completed the 17-item Harassment by Peers questionnaire (in French: Persécution par les Camarades [PPC-17]), a questionnaire assessing three forms of aggression suffered at school: physical violence, exclusion, and insults/mockery, and the French version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), which allows for assessment of panic/somatic disorder, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, social anxiety, and school phobia. The probability of having a high anxiety score (> percentile 90) among youths scoring high (> percentile 90) on the victimization scales was compared to that of their counterparts scoring lower than percentile 90. Results Boys disclosed having suffered more physical violence and girls more exclusion and insults-mockery. Girls scored significantly higher than boys on all SCARED scales, with the exception of school phobia. All scores of victimization were significantly, positively, and moderately correlated with scores of anxiety problems, with the only exception of social anxiety among girls. The probability to present a high level of anxiety was 2~to 5~times higher among the 10~% children having disclosed more victimization, and this relationship was higher among boys (from 3.70:1~for separation anxiety to 5:1~for generalized anxiety) than among girls (2.87:1~for generalized anxiety to 3:1~for panic/somatic). After adjustment, only exclusion and insults/mockery displayed a significant relationship with anxiety among girls. Exclusion with the total score and social anxiety, and insults/mockery with panic/somatic and generalized anxiety. Among boys, physical violence remained significantly related with generalized anxiety and separation anxiety. Exclusion was related with generalized anxiety, and insults/mockery with social anxiety. Conclusion Though this study was cross-sectional, which does not allow for etiological conclusions, it seems possible, based on the convergent findings of a huge amount of previous international research, to interpret our findings as demonstrating that being bullied is a risk factor that may multiply by 3~to 5~the probability of suffering from an anxiety syndrome

Une approche psychothérapique du traitement des crises développementales de l'adulte (du rêve de la vie de la post-adolescence au bilan de vie du sujet âgé)

NANTERRE-BU PARIS10 (920502102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Essai de définition et de validation d'une méthode d'intervention cognitive et motivationnelle destinée à l'amélioration de l'adhésion des patients schizophrènes au traitement pharmacologique

La plupart des patients schizophrènes présentent des problèmes d'adhésion à leur traitement pharmacologique. Seul un tiers d'entre eux suivrait leur traitement à la lettre et les ruptures de traitement sont fréquentes. L'absence d'observance a de lourdes conséquences sur l'évolution de la maladie de telle sorte que l'amélioration de l'adhésion au traitement est un véritable enjeu pour les cliniciens comme pour les chercheurs. Objectif : évaluer une psychothérapie cognitive et motivationnelle destinée à améliorer l'observance médicamenteuse des patients atteints de schizophrénie. Méthode : l'observance de 54 patients schizophrènes a été évaluée lors de leur hospitalisation en service de psychiatrie adulte puis en ambulatoire sur une période de six mois. Les patients ont été répartis au hasard en deux groupes : le groupe contrôle recevait une psychothérapie de soutien, le groupe traité la psychothérapie cognitive et motivationnelle. Tous les patients étaient traités par neuroleptique injectable. L'observance médicamenteuse est fondée sur l'enregistrement des injections de neuroleptiques reçues, refusées ou manquées par le patient. Les résultats indiquent que la thérapie cognitive et motivationnelle a une influence sur le stade de changement de l'observance médicamenteuse, l'insight, et les croyances relatives aux médicaments comparativement à la thérapie de soutien.Most patients with schizophrenia exhibit full or partial non-adherence to pharmacological treatment. Only about one-third reliably take antipsychotic medication as prescribed. Poor adherence (i.e., both complete and partial non adherence) has been found to be associated with serious negative outcomes and as such, interventions aimed at improving and maintaining adherence are of great interest to clinicians, researchers, and policy makers. Objective: To assess the efficacy of a psychotherapy based on motivational enhancement and cognitive therapies designed to improve patient's adherence to treatment and motivation to change. Method: 54 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia about to be discharged following inpatient treatment were included in a six month repeated measures study. Patients were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control therapies and were blind to group assignment. All patients received long acting injectable antipsychotic medications and were rated as compliant when the injection was confirmed and non compliant if the injection was refused or the appointment was missed. Results show that compared to the control psychotherapy the cognitive and motivational therapy improved motivation for change, insight and attitudes toward treatment.NANTERRE-BU PARIS10 (920502102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Évaluation comparative des composantes de l entretien motivationnel dans la prise en charge de patients alcoolodépendants

Cette étude évalue qualitativement les effets des composantes principales de l entretien motivationnel, afin de trouver leur meilleur mode d utilisation. Les patients alcoolodépendants inclus (29 hommes et 16 femmes) étaient à la recherche d un traitement, et 34 ont suivi le protocole thérapeutique jusqu à son terme. Les stratégies principales de l entretien motivationnel ont été introduites à trois moments différents auprès des trois sous-groupes formés. Les résultats montrent une augmentation significative du sentiment d efficacité personnelle et de la motivation interne au changement, de la satisfaction de vie et de l estime de soi ainsi qu une progression des patients à travers les stades de changement en fin de thérapie. Une diminution significative importante de la tentation et de la consommation d alcool est également constatée. Dans le troisième groupe, celui qui a bénéficié de toutes les stratégies de l entretien motivationnel on observe le taux le plus élevé d efficacité thérapeutique. Les stades de changement et les anciennes tentatives de changement, ainsi que la motivation au traitement s avèrent être des bons prédicteurs des résultats du traitement.This study assesses qualitatively the effects of Motivational Interviewing (MI) components, in order to find their best manner of application. The sample was a group of 29 male and 16 female alcoholics seeking treatment of whom 34 followed the therapeutic program until its end. The principal MI strategies were introduced into three sub-groups at three different moments. Results revealed a significant increase in self-efficacy, of internal motivation to change, of satisfaction with life and self-esteem as well as a progression of the patients through the stages of change at the end of the therapy. A significant reduction in temptation and alcohol consumption are also noted. In the third group, offered all MI components, one observes the highest rate of therapeutic effectiveness. The stages of change and former attempts to change, as well as motivation to treatment are good predictors of treatment results.NANTERRE-BU PARIS10 (920502102) / SudocSudocFranceF

L' utilisation psychothérapique de l image mentale onirique (perspectives épistémologiques et historiques)

L auteur interroge le statut et la fonction des images mentales dans le cadre des pratiques psychothérapiques faisant appel au rêve à l état de veille.Une première partie est consacrée à une réflexion épistémologique sur les diverses conceptions de l imaginaire des points de vue philosophique et anthropologique, dans ses liens avec le rêve hypnique et le rêve de veille ainsi que ses incidences dans le cadre psychothérapique des onirothérapies.Il y confronte herméneutique psychanalytique et herméneutique phénoménologique en précisant les diverses conceptions de la dimension symbolique des images mentales.Une seconde partie brosse un panorama historique des psychothérapies utilisant les images oniriques dans un état modifié de conscience, depuis Pierre JANET jusqu à nos jours. C est l occasion pour l auteur de montrer comment les thérapeutes à l origine de ces diverses méthodes articulent pratique clinique et conceptualisation, l auteur s appuyant sur une démarche d analyse des représentations du cadre et du processus psychothérapiques ainsi qu une perspective comparative de type anthropologique.L auteur évoque en conclusion le lien entre fonction de l imaginaire et créativité tel qu il est conçu du point de vue de ses effets thérapeutiques. Il plaide pour une approche transversale du processus polysémique de symbolisation représenté par les productions imaginaires et une formation pluridisciplinaire des praticiens de ces méthodes permettant d intégrer un regard anthropologique dans les champs de la psychopathologie et de la psychothérapie.The author questions the status and the function of mental images in the framework of psychotherapic pratices requiring wakefulness dream.A first part is dedicated to epistemological considerations on the different ways of looking at imagination from the philosophical and anthropological points of view, linked with hypnic dream and daydream and their impact in the framework of oneirotherapies.He compares psychoanalytical and phenomenological hermeneutics and specifies the different approaches of the symbolic features of mental images.A second part paints a broad historical picture of psychotherapies using dreamlike images in an altered state of consciousness, from Pierre JANET to nowadays. It is an opportunity for the author to show how the therapists at the origin of these various methods link clinical practice and conceptualization ; he draws on an analisis process based on possible views of the psychotherapic setting and process and on a comparative perspective from an anthropological view.In conclusion, the author touches on the link between imaginary function and creativity as it is understood from the point of view of their therapeutics effects. He defends a transversal approach of the polysemous process of symbolization represented by imaginary productions and a multidisciplinary training of practicioners of these methods, what allows to integrate an anthropological view on psychopathology and psychotherapy.NANTERRE-BU PARIS10 (920502102) / SudocANGERS-UCO-BU Lettres (490072101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Approche dimensionnelle de la personnalité de patients phobiques sociaux (étude psychométrique et projective)

NANTERRE-BU PARIS10 (920502102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Relations entre traits de personnalité et dépression au niveau des cinq grands facteurs et de leurs facettes

International audienceRésuméObjectifs La plupart des recherches sur la personnalité des personnes déprimées ont été conduites dans le cadre du modèle de personnalité en cinq grands facteurs ou domaines et ont constaté un profil caractérisé par un Névrosisme élevé associé à un faible niveau d'Extraversion et de Conscienciosité. Moins nombreuses, les études effectuées au niveau plus fin des facettes des cinq grands domaines suggèrent l'existence de différences concernant des facettes de chacun des cinq grands domaines, y compris l'Ouverture à l'expérience et l'Agréabilité. L'objectif du présent travail était (1) d'étudier la personnalité des patients déprimés au niveau des facettes et (2) d'établir l'existence éventuelle de corrélations entre les scores à certaines facettes et l'intensité de la dépression. Méthode Nous avons administré l'inventaire de dépression de Beck (BDI-II) et le questionnaire de personnalité NEO PI-R à 58~patients déprimés. Résultats Nos résultats confirment le profil attendu au niveau des grands facteurs, mais suggèrent qu'au niveau plus fin des facettes, les cinq grands facteurs sont tous concernés~: Névrosisme (N1~Anxiété, N2~Colère-hostilité, N3~Dépression, N4~Timidité sociale et N6~Vulnérabilité au stress), Extraversion (E1~Chaleur, E4~Activité, E6~Émotions positives), Ouverture (O4~Ouverture aux actions, O6~Ouverture aux valeurs), Agréabilité (A1~Confiance) et Conscienciosité (C1~Compétence, C5~Auto-discipline). Par ailleurs, six facettes sont corrélées avec l'intensité de la dépression, positivement (N2~Colère-hostilité, N3~Dépression, N4~Timidité sociale, N6~Vulnérabilité au stress) ou négativement (C1~Compétence, C5~Auto-discipline). Discussion En raison de la méthode transversale de notre étude, nous ne pouvons affirmer le caractère prémorbide du profil qui pourrait également être dû à des biais d'auto-perception et de mémoire affectant l'évaluation de la personnalité pendant l'état dépressif. Cependant, la recherche antérieure a montré que ces biais sont relativement modérés, ce qui plaide en faveur du caractère durable du profil et de sa relative indépendance relativement à l'état dépressif. Conclusion Quoi qu'il en soit, il est clair que l'épisode dépressif est associé à un profil spécifique de personnalité qui comprend au moins une facette de chacun des cinq grands facteurs de personnalité. AbstractObjectives Recent research into the relationship between depression and personality has been dominated by the Big Five model of personality, according to which all personality traits are facets or combinations of five broad factors or domains: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. A meta-analysis by Kotov et al. (2010) showed that patients with depression scored higher than non-clinical samples on Neuroticism, and lower on Extraversion and Conscientiousness, with large differences according to Cohen's d-criteria. No significant differences were found on the Openness and Agreeableness scales. The authors emphasize that these conclusions apply only on the level of the Big Five broad factors, because not enough research has been published relating to specific facets of each factor. However, the few available studies have yielded convergent findings concerning the different facets: Depressive disorder was generally positively associated with Anxiety, Depression, Vulnerability, and Modesty, and negatively associated with Positive Emotions, Openness to actions, Trust, and Self-Discipline, suggesting that it may be linked to at least one facet of each factor. The aim of the present study was to examine whether a similar personality profile can be found in a clinical sample of French patients with major depressive episode, not only in relation to the Big Five factors, but also to the facets. Methods Our sample consisted of 58~individuals (35~women, 23~men), aged 18~to 58~years (M = 41.8, SD = 11.3), with a diagnosis of major depressive episode without psychotic features, who attended a psychological assessment in an outpatient department in the Paris area. The majority of participants were single. Fifteen participants reported alcohol and/or other substance dependency, and all were being prescribed antidepressant medication, with or without mood regulators. Depression severity was assessed using the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and personality traits via the NEO Personality Inventory revised (NEO PI-R). Mean scores of participants were compared with those of the validation sample and expressed as Cohen's ds. Relationships between personality traits and depression were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients. In order to control for the risk of type I error due to the number of tests, α was posited at .0016. Results Patients scored much higher than the validation sample on Neuroticism and lower on Extraversion and Conscientiousness. Regarding the facets, as shown in Table 1, the patients scored significantly higher than the French validation sample on five out the six facets of Neuroticism: Anxiety, Angry Hostility, Depression, Self-Consciousness, and Vulnerability. They scored lower on three facets of Extraversion (Warmth, Activity, and Positive Emotions), two facets of Openness (Openness to Actions and Openness to Values), one facet of Agreeableness (Trust), and two facets of Conscientiousness (Competence and Self-Discipline). With respect to the "Big Five" domains, there was a high positive correlation between Neuroticism and severity of depression, whilst a medium negative correlation was found between Extraversion and Conscientiousness. For the facets, the BDI-II total score evidenced especially high correlations not only with NEO PI-R Depression but also with Vulnerability, and moderate to high correlations with Angry Hostility and Self-Consciousness. Correlations were negative, and moderate to high, between BDI-II total score and the Competence and Self-Discipline facets of Conscientiousness. After correcting for multiple comparisons, no correlations between BDI-II total score and any facet of Extraversion, Openness or Agreeableness remained significant. Discussion Our findings confirmed the personality profile for depression suggested by Kotov et al. (2010) in their meta-analysis. Moreover, for the facets, we found significant differences between depressed participants and the French validation sample on at least one facet of every Big Five factor. These findings are largely comparable to the literature in this area, although differences on the facets of Openness and Agreeableness were not exactly those that were expected. The correlation analyses additionally suggested that, for the Big Five domains as well as for the facets, there is a continuous linear association between severity of depression and Neuroticism and Conscientiousness, but not Extraversion, Openness, or Agreeableness. These associations are mainly related to four facets of Neuroticism (Angry Hostility, Depression, Self-Consciousness, and Vulnerability) and two facets of Conscientiousness (Competence and Self-Discipline). As this study was cross-sectional, it does not enable conclusions as to whether this profile was present before the onset of the depressive episode or appeared afterwards. However, it is suggested, on the basis of the literature, that this profile could be premorbid and thereafter accentuated by the acute depression. Conclusions Whatever the answer to this question, we can assume that current depressive episode is strongly associated with a specific personality profile, including not only Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness, but also two facets of Openness to Experience (Openness to Actions and Openness to Values) and one facet of Agreeableness (Trust)