Kryžkaulio nervų ir užpakalinio blauzdinio nervo stimuliacijos efektyvumo išmatų nelaikymui gydyti palyginimas: sisteminė literatūros apžvalga ir metaanalizė

Aim. To evaluate and compare effectivenes of sacral and posterior tibial nerve stimulation for treating fecal incontinence.Methods. Systematic literature review was performed to compare sacral and posterior tibial nerve stimulation effectiveness. Research was performed in “Medline” database, using the “PubMed” website. English or lithuanian articles, published between 2008 and 2019, were included in our study. Results were described to assess the effect of interventions in each analysed article. We included 7 articles into meta-analysis. Articles compared the effectiveness of sacral or posterior tibial nerve stimulation with control groups or other treatment methods for managing fecal incontinence. Cochrane guidelines were used to perform this meta-analysis. Results. The results of meta-analysis suggests that sacral neuromodulation is superior to posterior tibial nerve stimulation to treat fecal incontinence compared to control groups or other treatments. Literature also suggest that after comparing these methods directly, sacral neuromodulation is superior to treat fecal incontinence a. Conclusion. Sacral neuromodulation is superior posterior tibial nerve stimulation to treat temporary or chronical fecal incontinence than and can be used as an alternative for surgical interventions.Tikslas. Įvertinti ir palyginti kryžkaulio nervų ir užpakalinio blauzdinio nervo stimuliacijos efektyvumą išmatų nelaikymui gydyti. Tyrimo metodai. Siekiant palyginti kryžkaulio nervų neuromoduliacijos (KNM) ir užpakalinio blauzdinio nervo stimuliacijos (TNS) efektyvumą, atlikta sisteminė literatūros apžvalga. Naudojantis interneto tinklalapiu „PubMed“, mokslinių publikacijų buvo ieškoma „Medline“ duomenų bazėje. Peržvelgti moksliniai straipsniai, atitinkantys paieškos kriterijus. Į sisteminę literatūros apžvalgą įtraukti 2008–2019 m. lietuvių ar anglų kalba publikuoti tyrimai. Šių tyrimų taikytų intervencijų poveikiui vertinti pasitelktas rezultatų aprašymo metodas. Į metaanalizę įtraukti 7 tyrimai, kuriuose kryžmens neuromoduliacijos arba užpakalinio blauzdinio nervo stimuliacijos efektyvumas atskleidžiamas gautus rezultatus lyginant su kontrolinių grupių duomenimis ar kitų gydymo būdų, taikytų išmatų nelaikymui gydyti, įverčiais. Metaanalizė atlikta laikantis „Cochrane“ gairių (QUORUM). Rezultatai. Įvertinus straipsnius, kuriuose KNM lyginama su TNS, nustatytas KNM pranašumas. Individualiųjų gydymo metodų duomenis lyginant su kontrolinių grupių duomenimis, metaanalizės rezultatai pagrindžia, kad kryžmens neuromoduliacija yra efektyvesnis gydymo metodas negu užpakalinio blauzdinio nervo stimuliacija. Apibendrinimas. Palyginti su TNS, KNM yra efektyvesnis metodas tiek trumpalaikiam, tiek ilgalaikiam išmatų nelaikymui gydyti. Šis metodas gali būti taikomas kaip alternatyva chirurginėms procedūroms

Anthelmintic resistance of horse strongyle nematodes to ivermectin and pyrantel in Lithuania

Background With intensive use of anthelmintic drugs in recent decades, anthelmintic resistance (AR) in horse nematodes is becoming a growing issue in many countries. However, there is little available information about the parasites, treatment practices or AR in the horse population in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to assess the current situation of AR on horse farms in Lithuania. The study was conducted in 25 stables on horses with a strongyle faecal egg count (FEC) of >= 200 eggs per gram. A faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was performed on each farm after administration of ivermectin (IVM) or pyrantel (PYR). Results The efficacy of IVM was comparatively high, with 98.8% of 250 horses having a zero egg count 14 days after treatment. Two conditions were used to interpret the FECRT results for PYR: firstly, resistance was determined when FECR was < 90% and the lower 95% confidence interval (LCL) was < 80%, and secondly when in addition the upper confidence level (UCL) was < 95%. Under the first condition, resistance against PYR was found in five stables (25% of all tested herds), while when considering the UCL as well, resistance was only detected in two stables (8%). The FEC showed a significant (P < 0.01) difference between the treatment and control groups. Only cyathostomin larvae were detected in larval cultures derived from strongyle-positive faecal samples collected 14 days after treatment of a test group with PYR. Conclusions This in vivo study showed that PYR resistance is prevalent on horse farms in Lithuania, while the efficacy of IVM still appears to be unaffected. However, further studies of ivermectin resistance are needed. These findings should guide the implementation of more sustainable management of strongyle infections in horses in Lithuania

1993 Annual Report Nebraska Game and Parks Commisison

Table of ContentsAdministration ... 2Budget and Fiscal ... 3Engineering ... 7Fisheries ... 10Information and Education ... 12 Law Enforcement ... 15Operations and Construction ... 17Outdoor Education ... 19Parks ... 20Planning and Programming ... 22Realty ... 23Resource Services ... 24Wildlife ... 2

Efficacy against nematode and cestode infections and safety of a novel topical fipronil, (S)-methoprene, eprinomectin and praziquantel combination product in domestic cats under field conditions in Europe

AbstractA novel topical combination product (BROADLINE®, Merial) composed of fipronil, (S)-methoprene, eprinomectin and praziquantel was evaluated for safety and efficacy against nematode and cestode infections in domestic cats. The study comprised a multi-centre, positive control, blinded, field study, using a randomized block design based on order of presentation for allocation. In total 196 client-owned cats, confirmed as positive for naturally acquired infections of nematodes and/or cestodes by pre-treatment faecal examination, were studied in seven countries in Europe. Pre-treatment faecal examination revealed the presence of Toxocara, hookworm, Capillaria and/or spirurid nematode infections in 129, 73, 33 or 1 cat(s), respectively; infections with taeniid and Dipylidium cestodes were demonstrated in 39 and 17 cats, respectively. Cats were allocated randomly to one of two treatments in a ratio of 2, topical fipronil (8.3%, w/v), (S)-methoprene (10%, w/v), eprinomectin (0.4%, w/v) and praziquantel (8.3%, w/v) (BROADLINE®, Merial; 130 cats); and 1, topical PROFENDER® Spot-On (Bayer; 66 cats) and treated once on Day 0. For evaluation of efficacy, two faecal samples were collected, one prior to treatment (Day −4±4 days) and one at the end of the study (Day 14±5 days). These were examined for fecal forms of nematode and cestode parasites. For evaluation of safety, cats were examined by a veterinarian before treatment and at the end of the study, and cat owners recorded the health status of their cats daily until the end of the study.For cats treated with Broadline®, the efficacy was >99.9%, 100%, and 99.6% for Toxocara, hookworms, and Capillaria, respectively; and the efficacy was >99.9%, >99.9%, and 98.5%, respectively, for the cats treated with Profender® (p<0.001 for all nematodes and both treatments). Efficacy was 100% for both cestodes for both treatments (p<0.001).No treatment related adverse experiences were observed throughout the study. For both treatments, every cat that completed the study was given a safety score of ‘excellent’ for both local and systemic evaluations. The topical combination product of fipronil, (S)-methoprene, eprinomectin and praziquantel was shown to have an excellent safety profile and demonstrated high levels of efficacy when administered once as topical solution to cats infected with nematodes and cestodes under field conditions

Strength Criteria Used to Evaluate the State of a Flexible Road Pavement Construction

In recent years due to the increased traffic intensity of heavy weight vehicles (HWV) and inadequate funding the scope of pavement repair and strengthening work including quality of such work has been gradually declining and the state of road pavements has been worsening. Due to their inadequate features (width and evenness of a pavement, strength of a pavement construction, etc.) the roads of Lithuania cannot withstand rapidly increasing loads of HWV. Up until now there is no reliable methodology that would allow to determine the extent of destroying impact of HWV on a road pavement and its construction. By means of similar new methodologies (ODN 218.046-01, VSN 46-83, VSN 543-87 and VSN 52-89) that were previously applied in Lithuania it is not possible to make reliable predictions of changes in the strength of a road pavement construction (RPC) and of the duration of its real service life as well as to evaluate the increase of fatigue failures in its asphalt concrete layers. This article illustrates that the state of RPC could be evaluated by means of elastic deflection of RPC. In addition it reveals the impact of seasonal peculiarities of traffic and of RPC ultimate strength on the permissible traffic intensity of design load within a year in the presence of conditions that are peculiar to Lithuania. In analysing the duration of service life of asphalt concrete layers the evaluation criteria should include not only changes in material strength during its exploitation time but the coefficient of remaining fatigue, evaluating possible changes in the state of asphalt concrete layer in different seasons of the year, as well

The first cases of Dirofilaria repens infection in dogs in Lithuania

Biologijos katedraGamtos mokslų fakultetasLietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas. Veterinarijos akademijaUAB Siaurio šnaucerisVytauto Didžiojo universiteta

Prevalence and intensity of Sarcocystis spp. infection in animals slaughtered for food in Lithuania

The exact prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. infection in animals slaughtered for food is unknown in Lithuania. Therefore, the present study was initiated to evaluate Sarcocystis spp. infection in the carcasses of cattle (n = 206), sheep (n = 61), pigs (n = 73) and horses (n = 72) raised in Lithuania for food. The prevalence and intensity of Sarcocystis spp. infection were assessed under light microscopy by analysing 1 g of stained and squashed muscle samples. All the investigated muscle types (oesophagus, diaphragm, heart, neck, jaw, back, leg and tongue) were found to have been infected with microcysts rather than with macrocysts. A high prevalence of infection was established in cattle (44.9–98.1%) and sheep (100%), whereas the prevalence of this infection in pigs (30.1–50.0%) and horses (34.7–63.9%) was considered to be moderate. Significant differences in the infection prevalence were detected in the majority of muscle groups of cattle and in some muscle groups of pigs and horses. Similarly, significant differences in the median (Md) intensity of infection were observed in the majority of the muscle groups of cattle (Md = 4–29) and sheep (Md = 21–73) and only in some muscle groups of pigs (Md = 4.5–16) and horses (Md = 1–3). Cases of intense infection (> 40 cysts in a sample) were relatively often detected in sheep (44.9%) and cattle (19.1%), and rarely in pigs (3.7%). Hence, based on the varying rates of infection in the examined samples, the infection was identified as being intense in sheep and cattle, moderate in pigs and low in horses

Smoking changes of the 7–9th grade boys and girls in Kaunas 2002–2012/2013

Tyrimo tikslas. Nustatyti psichologines elgesio bei socialines aplinkybes, susijusias su 7–9 klasių berniukų ir mergaičių rūkymu Kaune, bei jų kitimus nuo 2002 metų iki 2012–2013 mokslo metų. Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. Apklausoje 2012–2013 m. m. dalyvavo 2 216 berniukų ir 1 931 mergaitė. Tai 7–9 klasių mokiniai iš 28 Kauno mokyklų. Lyginamoji grupė – 1 157 berniukai ir 1 299 mergaitės, 7–9 klasių mokiniai, apklausti 2002 m. 10 Kauno mokyklų. Apklausai naudotas išplėstas GYTS tyrimo, vykdomo Lietuvoje nuo 2001 m., klausimynas. Rezultatai. Nustatyta, jog 2012–2013 m. m. bandžiusių rūkyti berniukų ir mergaičių buvo atitinkamai 54,5 proc. ir 52 proc. Lyginant su 2002 m., 2012–2013 m. m. gerokai sumažėjo rūkyti bandžiusių 7–9 klasių mokinių: berniukų 24,2 proc., mergaičių – 10,6 proc. Per pastarąjį mėnesį rūkė 18 proc. berniukų ir 18,7 proc. mergaičių, namuose rūko 11,8 proc. berniukų ir 11,9 proc. mergaičių, iš rūkančių mokinių cigarečių parduotuvėje perka 52,7 proc. berniukų ir 46,3 proc. mergaičių – tai mažiau nei 2002 m. (p < 0,05). Bent vienas iš tėvų rūko atitinkamai 51,2 proc. ir 51,1 proc. Iš rūkančių respondentų 57,5 proc. berniukų ir 59,1 proc. mergaičių norėtų mesti rūkyti, 52,6 proc. berniukų ir 55,6 proc. mergaičių yra gavę aplinkinių žmonių pagalbą. Atitinkamai 14,7 proc. ir 16,9 proc. respondentų planuoja kitais metais pradėti rūkyti. Mokykloje 32–44 proc. berniukų ir 29–36 proc. mergaičių per mokslo metus buvo mokomi, informuojami apie rūkymo keliamus pavojus. Šias priemones 2012–2013 m. m. nurodė didesnis berniukų skaičius nei 2002 m. Šio tyrimo duomenys bus panaudoti planuojant rūkymo profilaktikos priemones Kauno miesto mokyklose ir vertinant jų efektyvumąThe aim of the survey. To determine the psychological- behaviour and social circumstances related to the smoking habit and its changes of the 7-9th grade boys and girls in Kaunas in 2002-2012/2013. The materials and methods of the survey. 2216 boys and 1931 girls, the 7-9th grade students from 28 schools in Kaunas, participated in the survey in 2012/2013. The comparison group of 1157 boys and 1299 girls, students of the 7-9th grades were interviewed in ten Kaunas’ schools in 2002. An extended questionnaire of GYTS survey, conducted in Lithuania since 2001, was used. The results. It was found that 54.5 % of boys and 52.0 % of girls had tried to smoke in 2012/2013; in comparison with 2002 there was a significant decrease in the number of 7-9th grade students who tried to smoke: 24.2 % decrease in boys and 10.6 % in girls. During the last month smoked 18.0 % of boys and 18.7 % of girls; smoke at home – 11.8 % of boys and 11.9 % of girls; out of smoking students buy cigarettes in the shop – 52.7 % of boys and 46.3 % of girls – that is a smaller percent than in 2002 (p<0.05). 51.2 % of boys and 51.1 % of girls indicated that at least one of the parents is a smoker. Out of smoking students, 57.5 % of boys and 59.1 % of girls wish to quit smoking, more than a half (52.6 % of boys and 55.6 % of girls), wishing to quit smoking, had received help from people around. Respectively 14.7 % and 16.9 % of the respondents plan to start smoking next year. At school, 32-44 % of boys and 29-36 % of girls were taught, informed about the dangers caused by smoking, during the school year. In 2012/2013 these measures were mentioned by a larger percent of boys than in 2002. The data of this survey will be used as a baseline for planning smoking prevention interventions in Kaunas’ schools and evaluation of their effectivenessLietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetasPsichologijos katedraVytauto Didžiojo universiteta

Worm control on organic farms in the EU: Management and the farmers’ point of view

A structured survey was developed to determine farmers’ disposition towards recently developed refugia-based concepts. The focus was on individual drenching, possible increased workload or costs and reduced production that might come with innovations. Furthermore, the survey aimed at assessing the status-quo of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control on organic small ruminant farms in 5 European countries. In total 441 surveys of organic certified small ruminant farms were evaluated, of which were 129 dairy goat and 320 meat sheep surveys. Amongst other things, the survey covered applied alternatives such as feeding bioactive forage, increased protein supply, phytotherapy, homeopathy and culling of nematode-susceptible animals. The number of drenches per animal per year in dairy goats varied from 1.3 (CH) to 1.6 (FR), in sheep from 0.8 (LT) to 1.5 (CH) and in lambs from 0.9 (LT) to 1.6 (CH). Applied individual drenching of lambs was relatively low from 2% (LT) to 33% (UK). Sixteen percent (NL) to 36% (CH) of the farmers drenched their dairy goats individually. Eight percent (UK) to 49% (LT) did not drench their lambs at all. Seven percent (CH) to 21% (FR) of the organic farmers did not apply any anthelmintic to their dairy goats. Between 10% (LT) and 40% (NL) of the farmers used faecal sampling to monitor GIN, whereas performance parameters (weight gain or milk yield) were moderately used from 19% (CH) to 41% (LT). The use of phytotherapy varied considerably between livestock species and country from 13% (LT) – 69% (CH). The majority of farmers rather or fully agreed that anthelmintic resistance will worsen in future (51% – 92%). When asked about performance losses that may be caused by the introduction of alternative methods, the agreement was more variable with 7% in NL to 93% in LT. Our data suggest that innovations might be accepted despite higher labor input or costs. As some organic farmers make already use of phenotypic traits like production loss, it should not be a big step towards a “Targeted Selective Treatment” approach for farmers that are open minded towards innovations