50 research outputs found
ÎČ-cell function and metabolic control in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with early insulin versus conventional treatment: a 3-year follow-up
Objectives: The optimal treatment of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is not established. We explored whether early insulin treatment, which has shown beneficial effects in rodents and in human pilot studies, would result in better preservation of beta-cell function or metabolic control, compared with conventional treatment. Subjects and methods: Glucagon-stimulated C-peptide and HbAlc were evaluated at baseline and after 12, 24 and 36 months in 37 patients recently diagnosed with diabetes, aged >= 30 years, non-insulin-requiring and GADAb and/or ICA positive. Twenty patients received early insulin and 17 received conventional treatment (diet +/- oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA), metformin, some and/or sulfonylurea) and insulin when necessary. Results: Level of metabolic control, HbAlc, was preserved in the early insulin treated, while it significantly deteriorated in the conventionally treated. There was no significant difference between the groups in C-peptide after 12, 24 or 36 months, or in the decline of C-peptide. Only baseline C-peptide predicted a C-peptide of >= 0.5 nmol/l at 36 months. Gender, body mass index, antibody titres or HbAlc did not influence the levels of C-peptide or HbAlc at baseline or end-of-study, or the decline in C-peptide. Among the diet +/- OHA-treated, 5/17 (30%) developed insulin dependency during the follow-up. No major hypoglycaemic events occurred. Conclusions: Early insulin treatment in LADA leads to better preservation of metabolic control and was safe. Superior preservation of C-peptide could not be significantly demonstrated. Only baseline level of C-peptide significantly influenced C-peptide level after 3 years. Further studies exploring the best treatment in LADA are warranted. European Journal of Endocrinology 164 239-24
Causes of death among undocumented migrants in Sweden, 1997â2010
Background: Undocumented migrants are one of the most vulnerable groups in Swedish society, where they generally suffer from poor health and limited health care access. Due to their irregular status, such migrants are an under-researched group and are not included in the country's Cause of Death Register (CDR). Objective: To determine the causes of death among undocumented migrants in Sweden and to ascertain whether there are patterns in causes of death that differ between residents and undocumented migrants. Design: This is a cross-sectional study of death certificates issued from 1997 to 2010 but never included in the CDR from which we established our study sample of undocumented migrants. As age adjustments could not be performed due to lack of data, comparisons between residents and undocumented migrants were made at specific age intervals, based on the study sample's mean age at death±a half standard deviation. Results: Out of 7,925 individuals surveyed, 860 were classified as likely to have been undocumented migrants. External causes (49.8%) were the most frequent cause of death, followed by circulatory system diseases, and then neoplasms. Undocumented migrants had a statistically significant increased risk of dying from external causes (odds ratio [OR] 3.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.83â4.52) and circulatory system diseases (OR 2.20, 95% CI: 1.73â2.82) compared to residents, and a lower risk of dying from neoplasms (OR 0.07, 95% CI: 0.04â0.14). Conclusions: We believe our study is the first to determine national figures on causes of death of undocumented migrants. We found inequity in health as substantial differences in causes of death between undocumented migrants and residents were seen. Legal ambiguities regarding health care provision must be addressed if equity in health is to be achieved in a country otherwise known for its universal health coverage
Serum levels of Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP) increase temporarily after physical exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis
BACKGROUND: COMP (Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein) is a matrix protein, which is currently studied as a potential serum marker for cartilage processes in osteoarthritis (OA). The influence of physical exercise on serum COMP is not fully elucidated. The objective of the present study was to monitor serum levels of COMP during a randomised controlled trial of physical exercise vs. standardised rest in individuals with symptomatic and radiographic knee OA. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 58 individuals at predefined time points before and after exercise or rest, one training group and one control group. The physical exercise consisted of a one-hour supervised session twice a week and daily home exercises. In a second supplementary study 7 individuals were subjected to the same exercise program and sampling of blood was performed at fixed intervals before, immediately after, 30 and 60 minutes after the exercise session and then with 60 minutes interval for another five hours after exercise to monitor the short-term changes of serum COMP. COMP was quantified with a sandwich-ELISA (AnaMar Medical, Lund, Sweden). RESULTS: Before exercise or rest no significant differences in COMP levels were seen between the groups. After 60 minutes exercise serum COMP levels increased (p < 0.001). After 60 minutes of rest the serum levels decreased (p = 0.003). Median serum COMP values in samples obtained prior to exercise or rest at baseline and after 24 weeks did not change between start and end of the study. In the second study serum COMP was increased immediately after exercise (p = 0.018) and had decreased to baseline levels after 30 minutes. CONCLUSION: Serum COMP levels increased during exercise in individuals with knee OA, whereas levels decreased during rest. The increased serum COMP levels were normalized 30 minutes after exercise session, therefore we suggest that samples of blood for analysis of serum COMP should be drawn after at least 30 minutes rest in a seated position. No increase was seen after a six-week exercise program indicating that any effect of individualized supervised exercise on cartilage turnover is transient
Levels of C-peptide, body mass index and age, and their usefulness in classification of diabetes in relation to autoimmunity, in adults with newly diagnosed diabetes in Kronoberg, Sweden
Objective: C-peptide is a main outcome measure in treatment trials of diabetes. C-peptide also has a role in the classification of diabetes, which is often difficult in adults and this is also increasingly recognised in adolescents and elders. Aim: We aimed to describe the levels of C-peptide in relation to age and body mass index (BMI) in a large population-based cohort of adults with newly diagnosed diabetes and compare the capabilities of C-peptide, age and BMI to discriminate between autoimmune and non-autoimmune diabetes. Subjects and methods: Blood samples from 1180 patients were analysed regarding islet cell antibody, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody and fasting C-peptide (FCP). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were analysed to check the ability of age, BMI and C-peptide to discriminate between autoantibody-positive (Ab(+)) and -negative (Ab(-)) diabetes. Results: Mean FCP was 0.73 +/- 0.5 (range 0.13-1.80) nmol/l in the Ab(+) and 1.42 +/- 0.9 (range 0.13-8.30) nmol/l in the Ab(-). FCP was 0.02 nmol/l higher per year increase in age at diagnosis of diabetes. Mean BMI was 26.0 +/- 4.8 (range 18.0-39.0) kg/m(2) in the Ab(+) and 28.9 +/- 5.3 (range 15.5-62.6) kg/m(2) in the Ab(-). FCP increased with age also within each BMI group. The highest area under the curve (AUC) in the ROC analysis was found for C-peptide, followed by age and BMI (0.78, 0.68 and 0.66 respectively). Conclusions: At diagnosis of diabetes, C-peptide was superior to age and BMI in discriminating between autoimmune and non-autoimmune diabetes. C-peptide increased significantly with BMI and age, latter also within each BMI group. Most of the adults had normal or high levels of C-peptide at presentation of diabetes among the autoimmune patients
Improved ability of biological and previous caries multimarkers to predict caries disease as revealed by multivariate PLS modelling
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Dental caries is a chronic disease with plaque bacteria, diet and saliva modifying disease activity. Here we have used the PLS method to evaluate a multiplicity of such biological variables (n = 88) for ability to predict caries in a cross-sectional (baseline caries) and prospective (2-year caries development) setting.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Multivariate PLS modelling was used to associate the many biological variables with caries recorded in thirty 14-year-old children by measuring the numbers of incipient and manifest caries lesions at all surfaces.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A wide but shallow gliding scale of one fifth caries promoting or protecting, and four fifths non-influential, variables occurred. The influential markers behaved in the order of plaque bacteria > diet > saliva, with previously known plaque bacteria/diet markers and a set of new protective diet markers. A differential variable patterning appeared for new versus progressing lesions. The influential biological multimarkers (n = 18) predicted baseline caries better (ROC area 0.96) than five markers (0.92) and a single lactobacilli marker (0.7) with sensitivity/specificity of 1.87, 1.78 and 1.13 at 1/3 of the subjects diagnosed sick, respectively. Moreover, biological multimarkers (n = 18) explained 2-year caries increment slightly better than reported before but predicted it poorly (ROC area 0.76). By contrast, multimarkers based on previous caries predicted alone (ROC area 0.88), or together with biological multimarkers (0.94), increment well with a sensitivity/specificity of 1.74 at 1/3 of the subjects diagnosed sick.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Multimarkers behave better than single-to-five markers but future multimarker strategies will require systematic searches for improved saliva and plaque bacteria markers.</p
Six-week high-intensity exercise program for middle-aged patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN20244858]
BACKGROUND: Studies on exercise in knee osteoarthritis (OA) have focused on elderly subjects. Subjects in this study were middle-aged with symptomatic and definite radiographic knee osteoarthritis. The aim was to test the effects of a short-term, high-intensity exercise program on self-reported pain, function and quality of life. METHODS: Patients aged 36â65, with OA grade III (Kellgren & Lawrence) were recruited. They had been referred for radiographic examination due to knee pain and had no history of major knee injury. They were randomized to a twice weekly supervised one hour exercise intervention for six weeks, or to a non-intervention control group. Exercise was performed at â„ 60% of maximum heart rate (HR max). The primary outcome measure was the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Follow-up occurred at 6 weeks and 6 months. RESULTS: Sixty-one subjects (mean age 56 (SD 6), 51 % women, mean BMI 29.5 (SD 4.8)) were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 30) or control group (n = 31). No significant differences in the KOOS subscales assessing pain, other symptoms, or function in daily life or in sport and recreation were seen at any time point between exercisers and controls. In the exercise group, an improvement was seen at 6 weeks in the KOOS subscale quality of life compared to the control group (mean change 4.0 vs. -0.7, p = 0.05). The difference between groups was still persistent at 6 months (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: A six-week high-intensive exercise program had no effect on pain or function in middle-aged patients with moderate to severe radiographic knee OA. Some effect was seen on quality of life in the exercise group compared to the control group
Strategiskt arbete att ÄtgÀrda förorenade omrÄden : KartlÀggning av faktorer som bidrar till ett framgÄngsrikt strategiskt arbete att ÄtgÀrda förorenade omrÄden
En stor del av Sveriges förorenade omrÄden tillkom under industrialiseringen i slutet av 1800-talet och in pÄ 1900-talet. Under tiden mellan 1998 och 2015 genomförde NaturvÄrdsverket och Sveriges 21 lÀnsstyrelser en inventering av nedlagda verksamheter som kan ha skapat en föroreningsproblematik, och i dagslÀget finns cirka 84 000 potentiellt förorenade omrÄden identifierade. En stor del av ansvaret att driva ÄtgÀrder för efterbehandling ligger pÄ landets 290 kommuner. Genom lagar och förordningar, uppsatta mÄl och den nationella tillsynsstrategin Àr pressen hög pÄ kommunerna att hÄlla en god ÄtgÀrdstakt. Flertalet rapporter och utredningar har visat pÄ att ÄtgÀrdstakten Àr för lÄg och rapporterna anger bland annat att för att nÀrma sig mÄlen krÀvs ett effektivt strategiskt arbete med egeninitierad tillsyn, Studien utgÄr frÄn att det finns faktorer som pÄverkar en kommuns förutsÀttningar att arbeta strategiskt med ÄtgÀrdande av förorenade omrÄden och syftet med studien Àr att, genom att intervjua kommuner som har ett strategiskt arbetssÀtt, undersöka om det finns betydande faktorer som bidrar till ett framgÄngsrikt arbete dÀr tillsynen av förorenade omrÄden Àr egeninitierad, planerad och behovsstyrd. Resultatet av studien blev 16 identifierade huvudsakliga faktorer som pÄverkar en kommuns förutsÀttningar att arbeta strategiskt och vidare 13 framgÄngsfaktorer. FramgÄngsfaktorerna visade sig vara hela, delar av eller en kombination av delar, frÄn de 16 huvudsakliga faktorerna. Studien visar att kombinationen av framgÄngsfaktorerna ser olika ut i kommunerna. Till exempel att en specifik framgÄngsfaktor Àr nÄgot en kommun kan ha, men inte nödvÀndigtvis mÄste ha, för att ett framgÄngsrikt arbete ska fungera. LikasÄ mÄste inte en specifik framgÄngsfaktor se exakt likadan ut i alla kommuner. Exempel pÄ detta Àr framgÄngsfaktorn att ha en strategi för att det strategiska arbetet inte ska bortprioriteras till förmÄn för hÀndelsestyrt arbete eller framgÄngsfaktorn att ha en engagerad och positiv politik och nÀmnd. I dessa tvÄ fall har kommunerna valt olika vÀgar för att nÄ framgÄngsfaktorn. Resultatet visar ocksÄ exempel pÄ att en framgÄngsfaktor inte Àr nÄgot som aktivt behöver utföras. I vissa fall Àr framgÄngsfaktorn att aktivt prioritera bort att göra nÄgot. DÄ riskbedömningar inom förorenade omrÄden komplexa och det Àr svÄrt och resurskrÀvande att hantera all fakta i riskbedömningarna visar det sig vara en balansakt för kommunerna att fördela sina resurser att utreda prioriteringsordning för att ÄtgÀrda objekt. Studien visar pÄ ett pragmatiskt förhÄllningssÀtt till denna problematik dÀr kommunernas fokus ligger pÄ nyttan och resultaten  och dÀr de utgÄr frÄn det vara viktigare att ÄtgÀrda nÄgot objekt Àn att invÀnta tills allt Àr perfekt bedömt och prioriterat
Strategiskt arbete att ÄtgÀrda förorenade omrÄden : KartlÀggning av faktorer som bidrar till ett framgÄngsrikt strategiskt arbete att ÄtgÀrda förorenade omrÄden
En stor del av Sveriges förorenade omrÄden tillkom under industrialiseringen i slutet av 1800-talet och in pÄ 1900-talet. Under tiden mellan 1998 och 2015 genomförde NaturvÄrdsverket och Sveriges 21 lÀnsstyrelser en inventering av nedlagda verksamheter som kan ha skapat en föroreningsproblematik, och i dagslÀget finns cirka 84 000 potentiellt förorenade omrÄden identifierade. En stor del av ansvaret att driva ÄtgÀrder för efterbehandling ligger pÄ landets 290 kommuner. Genom lagar och förordningar, uppsatta mÄl och den nationella tillsynsstrategin Àr pressen hög pÄ kommunerna att hÄlla en god ÄtgÀrdstakt. Flertalet rapporter och utredningar har visat pÄ att ÄtgÀrdstakten Àr för lÄg och rapporterna anger bland annat att för att nÀrma sig mÄlen krÀvs ett effektivt strategiskt arbete med egeninitierad tillsyn, Studien utgÄr frÄn att det finns faktorer som pÄverkar en kommuns förutsÀttningar att arbeta strategiskt med ÄtgÀrdande av förorenade omrÄden och syftet med studien Àr att, genom att intervjua kommuner som har ett strategiskt arbetssÀtt, undersöka om det finns betydande faktorer som bidrar till ett framgÄngsrikt arbete dÀr tillsynen av förorenade omrÄden Àr egeninitierad, planerad och behovsstyrd. Resultatet av studien blev 16 identifierade huvudsakliga faktorer som pÄverkar en kommuns förutsÀttningar att arbeta strategiskt och vidare 13 framgÄngsfaktorer. FramgÄngsfaktorerna visade sig vara hela, delar av eller en kombination av delar, frÄn de 16 huvudsakliga faktorerna. Studien visar att kombinationen av framgÄngsfaktorerna ser olika ut i kommunerna. Till exempel att en specifik framgÄngsfaktor Àr nÄgot en kommun kan ha, men inte nödvÀndigtvis mÄste ha, för att ett framgÄngsrikt arbete ska fungera. LikasÄ mÄste inte en specifik framgÄngsfaktor se exakt likadan ut i alla kommuner. Exempel pÄ detta Àr framgÄngsfaktorn att ha en strategi för att det strategiska arbetet inte ska bortprioriteras till förmÄn för hÀndelsestyrt arbete eller framgÄngsfaktorn att ha en engagerad och positiv politik och nÀmnd. I dessa tvÄ fall har kommunerna valt olika vÀgar för att nÄ framgÄngsfaktorn. Resultatet visar ocksÄ exempel pÄ att en framgÄngsfaktor inte Àr nÄgot som aktivt behöver utföras. I vissa fall Àr framgÄngsfaktorn att aktivt prioritera bort att göra nÄgot. DÄ riskbedömningar inom förorenade omrÄden komplexa och det Àr svÄrt och resurskrÀvande att hantera all fakta i riskbedömningarna visar det sig vara en balansakt för kommunerna att fördela sina resurser att utreda prioriteringsordning för att ÄtgÀrda objekt. Studien visar pÄ ett pragmatiskt förhÄllningssÀtt till denna problematik dÀr kommunernas fokus ligger pÄ nyttan och resultaten  och dÀr de utgÄr frÄn det vara viktigare att ÄtgÀrda nÄgot objekt Àn att invÀnta tills allt Àr perfekt bedömt och prioriterat
Kommer du att döma mig om jag berÀttar? : ... om ungdomars sexuella beteende och utsatthet för vÄld
Background: In Sweden, youth sexual health is worse than that of other residents. Youth also report exposure to violence to a greater extent, threatening their health. Aim: The aim was to investigate youthâs sexual behaviour, their exposure to violence and self-rated health and its potential relationship, and explore whether youth exposed to violence disclose this. Method: Cross-sectional studies include data from a web survey among exchange students and youth visiting a youth centre (IâIII). Besides background questions, online questionnaires contained validated questions and instruments covering sexual behaviour, exposure to violence, and mental health. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used. A qualitative study was conducted where abused youth were interviewed, and the data were analysed with content analysis (IV). Results: Most outgoing exchange students rated their health highly, and over half had received information regarding HIV/sexually transmitted infection or safer sex before their trip (I). Eight out of ten exchange students reported at least one sexual risk behaviour. Among youth visiting the youth centre, a greater proportion of teenagers reported sexual debut before age 15 compared with young adults (II). A greater proportion of young adults indicated having had a sexually transmitted infection compared with teenagers (II). Associations were shown between several sexual risk behaviours and exposure to violence, while no difference was shown between the age groups regarding the occurrence of violence (II). Nine out of ten youth rated their health as high, but four out of ten reported being exposed to violence in their lifetime (III). A larger proportion of those exposed to violence reported low self-rated health compared with those not exposed to violence (III). All the youth interviewed expressed that being exposed to violence resulted in losing their security; they described the importance of being questioned about violence, and most of them wanted to disclose having been exposed to violence (IV). Conclusion: A high incidence of sexual risk behaviour and exposure to violence and the relationship between these experiences was demonstrated in youth. Midwives need to ask sensitive questions to identify youth who risk their health and offer advice or support. How questions are posed can determine whether youth disclose exposure to violence
HöglÀsning och textsamtal som ett didaktiskt verktyg för lÀsförstÄelse
LĂ€sförstĂ„elsen hos svenska elever har försĂ€mrats under en lĂ€ngre tid, vilket internationella kunskapsmĂ€tningar visat. ForskningslĂ€get visar pĂ„ strukturerad lĂ€sförstĂ„elseundervisning som ett led mot en god lĂ€sförstĂ„else. Syftet med vĂ„r litteraturstudie Ă€r att undersöka huruvida forskning visar att höglĂ€sning och textsamtal kan bidra till att elever och studenter utvecklar en god lĂ€sförstĂ„else. Litteraturstudiens empiri bestĂ„r av internationell forskning om höglĂ€sning och textsamtals effekter för lĂ€sförstĂ„else samt studier som belyser hur lĂ€rare kan arbeta med höglĂ€sning och textsamtal för att frĂ€mja lĂ€sförstĂ„elsen. Det redogörs för studier som behandlar elevgrupper frĂ„n förskola till universitet. Resultatet visade att lĂ€sning i gemenskap och textsamtal hade positiv inverkan pĂ„ elevernas lĂ€sförstĂ„else samt vikten av att anvĂ€nda sig av lĂ€sförstĂ„elsestrategier. Vidare visar resultatet att elevers lĂ€sförstĂ„else i grundskola och gymnasium frĂ€mjas av att lĂ€raren aktivt arbetar med höglĂ€sning medan det varierar i resultatet för Ă€ldre studenter. Resultatet synliggör att lĂ€rares arbete med elevers lĂ€sförstĂ„else har en betydande roll. Fortsatt forskning inom Ă€mnet hade kunnat vara att undersöka hur verksamma lĂ€rare anvĂ€nder sig av höglĂ€sning i sin undervisning och vad som ligger bakom deras val av anvĂ€ndandet eller icke anvĂ€ndandet av höglĂ€sning. Â