Expression of Democracy: Local Elections in Petorca, Chile

The municipal elections of Chile were held on April 2,1967. On April 3, in Santiago, spokesmen from the national committees of the five major parties --the Christian Democrats, the Radicals, the Communists, the Nationalists, and the Socialists--all proclaimed that the results showed that their political aggregation had been victorious on the previous day. The debate concerning who had won the election raged for several weeks in the press, in Congress and in spirited social conversation. The Christian Democrats argued that although their percentage of the national vote dropped from forty-two per cent to thirty-five per cent, they had increased their strength in the municipal councils by over two hundred representatives to six hundred and forty-nine councilmen, a new record for any single political party in all of Chile\u27s history. The leftist coalition of FRAP (Communist-Socialist) boasted that they reflected the coming wave in Chilean politics by gathering nearly twenty-eight per cent of the total vote, an increase of six per cent from 1965. The Radicals announced with relief that they had retained second place in party percentages (sixteen per cent), and that their vote represented a vehement renunciation of the whole Christian Democratic movement. The National Party, perhaps the most surprised by its strong showing (fourteen per cent), predicted that the Right was not a dead letter in Chile, and that a new awakening was imminent

Six RNA Viruses and Forty-One Hosts: Viral Small RNAs and Modulation of Small RNA Repertoires in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Systems

We have used multiplexed high-throughput sequencing to characterize changes in small RNA populations that occur during viral infection in animal cells. Small RNA-based mechanisms such as RNA interference (RNAi) have been shown in plant and invertebrate systems to play a key role in host responses to viral infection. Although homologs of the key RNAi effector pathways are present in mammalian cells, and can launch an RNAi-mediated degradation of experimentally targeted mRNAs, any role for such responses in mammalian host-virus interactions remains to be characterized. Six different viruses were examined in 41 experimentally susceptible and resistant host systems. We identified virus-derived small RNAs (vsRNAs) from all six viruses, with total abundance varying from “vanishingly rare” (less than 0.1% of cellular small RNA) to highly abundant (comparable to abundant micro-RNAs “miRNAs”). In addition to the appearance of vsRNAs during infection, we saw a number of specific changes in host miRNA profiles. For several infection models investigated in more detail, the RNAi and Interferon pathways modulated the abundance of vsRNAs. We also found evidence for populations of vsRNAs that exist as duplexed siRNAs with zero to three nucleotide 3′ overhangs. Using populations of cells carrying a Hepatitis C replicon, we observed strand-selective loading of siRNAs onto Argonaute complexes. These experiments define vsRNAs as one possible component of the interplay between animal viruses and their hosts

Las profesiones y el estado

En este libro se estudian las tendencias históricas de las profesiones en México, en especial sus implicaciones para la política nacional. El análisis abarca principalmente la medicina, el derecho, la agronomía, la ingeniería petrolera y la economía. Esta selección se hizo deliberadamente para incluir aquellas profesiones que desempeñan un papel activo en el Estado. Uno de los objetivos del libro es determinar hasta qué punto la consolidación de estas profesiones les ha permitido influir en las políticas públicas. Otro objetivo es descubrir de qué manera la naturaleza del sistema político mexicano ha afectado la evolución del profesionalismo en México. Finalmente, un tercer objetivo es exponer ante el lector no especializado las características más sobresalientes de estas profesiones

Between Academia and Civil Society: The Origins of Latin American Studies in the Netherlands

Dutch Latin American studies as a field of academic teaching and research emerged in the late 1960s and became consolidated in the 1970s and 1980s. It began as a purely academic endeavor, but in a changing Dutch and global society in the 1970s it rapidly became connected to and influenced by social and political processes in Latin America. The strong Christian and social-democratic traditions in the Netherlands allowed for strong links between academic researchers and civil society organizations. This resulted in the productive coexistence of academic and more political objectives and activities and allowed Dutch Latin American studies to grow into a dynamic field. A review of this experience calls attention to the importance of local conditions for understanding the consequences of the Cold War for academic research