Two-Dilaton Theories in Two Dimensions from Dimensional Reduction

Dimensional reduction of generalized gravity theories or string theories generically yields dilaton fields in the lower-dimensional effective theory. Thus at the level of D=4 theories, and cosmology many models contain more than just one scalar field (e.g. inflaton, Higgs, quintessence). Our present work is restricted to two-dimensional gravity theories with only two dilatons which nevertheless allow a large class of physical applications. The notions of factorizability, simplicity and conformal simplicity, Einstein form and Jordan form are the basis of an adequate classification. We show that practically all physically motivated models belong either to the class of factorizable simple theories (e.g. dimensionally reduced gravity, bosonic string) or to factorizable conformally simple theories (e.g. spherically reduced Scalar-Tensor theories). For these theories a first order formulation is constructed straightforwardly. As a consequence an absolute conservation law can be established.Comment: 23 pages, 1 tabl

Confinement effects of levitons in a graphene cosmology laboratory

This is an Open Access Article. It is published by The Royal Society of Chemistry under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence (CC BY). Full details of this licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/The leviton, a long-lifetime soliton that rides the Fermi sea, is described here for a graphene system with a potential barrier. A full description of the leviton into the barrier is given for different angles of incidence. This is achieved by analysing the probability density of the leviton quasiparticle as a function of time. The transmission of the wavepacket through the oblique barrier occurs with negative refraction for low ratios of leviton energy to gate potential. In moderately strong magnetic fields a levity vortex becomes localised in space outside the barrier forming interior vortex states as it circulates. Also, when the field is switched on with an anti-leviton already formed inside the barrier, the quasiparticle becomes trapped and flows along its channel. Thus, the graphene system with leviton/anti-leviton propagation into and inside a barrier is a metamaterial whereby the direction of the quasiparticle can be controlled at will through the angle of the barrier and timing of switching on and off the magnetic fields. We present this analysis of barrier penetration for the inception of leviton electronics in graphene. The results lead to the possibility to create the graphene systems with levitons to explore cosmological questions such as hidden or “dark” energy conditions and therewith may also give some clues for understanding the discrepancies occurring between observed energy levels in the Universe and that of prediction