Energy balance and macronutrient intake during season trainings: influence on anthropometric and lipid profiles in professional athletes

This study evaluated energetic balance and macronutrient intake at competitive training and transition training and their impact on anthropometric and lipid profiles in sixteen professional male athletes. Dietary data, body composition measurements and lipid profile were obtained at the end of both season trainings. Despite increased carbohydrate supplementation during exercise and higher caloric intake at competitive training (+10%, P =0.01), total daily energy expenditure was higher than caloric intake (79%, P<0.001). These results show negative energy balance at competitive training. However, total daily energy expenditure and caloric intake were similar at transition training (P =0.35). Higher intake of carbohydrate, fat, and protein were observed at competitive training (+13%, P =0.001 for all), although caloric intake was below the requirements during this period. Body mass (+2%, P =0.05), body fat percentage (+56%, P =0.01), fat mass (+57%, P =0.01), and waist and hip circumferences (+10%, P =0.004) were higher at transition training, as well as total and LDL-cholesterols (+14%, P =0.001). Endurance athletes showed negative energy balance at competitive training and maintained similar caloric intake at transition training despite decreased total daily energy expenditure, which might have contributed to changes in anthropometric and lipid profiles. These findings emphasize the importance of nutritional counseling for professional athletes during different season trainings. RESUMO Balanço energético e ingestão de macronutrientes  durante periodos de treinamento: influência nos perfis antropométrico e lipídico em atletas profissionaisEste estudo avaliou o balanço energético e a ingestão de macronutrientes nos treinamentos competitivo e de transição do treinamento e o seu impacto nos perfis antropométrico e lipídico de dezesseis atletas profissionais. Dados da dieta, medidas da composição corporal e perfil lipídico foram obtidos no final de ambos os treinamentos físico. Apesar do aumento da suplementação de carboidrato durante exercício e maior ingestão calórica no treinamento competitivo (+10%, P =0,01), o gasto energético diário total foi maior do que a ingestão calórica (79%, P<0,001), mostrando balanço energético negativo no treinamento competitivo. Entretanto, o gasto energético diário total e ingestão colórica foram similares no treinamento de transição (P =0,35). Maior ingestão de carboidrato, lipídio e proteína foram observados no treinamento competitivo (+13%, P =0,001), embora a ingestão calórica tenha sido abaixo da recomendada. Massa corporal (+2%, P =0,05), percentual de gordura corporal (+56%, P =0,01), massa de gordura (+57%, P =0,01), e circunferências de cintura e quadril (+10%, P =0,004) foram maiores no treinamento de transição, assim como o cholesterol total e LDL-c (+14%, P =0,001). Atletas de resistência apresentaram balanço energético negativo no treinamento competitivo e mantiveram ingestão calórica similar no treinamento de transição, apesar da diminuição do gasto energético, o que provavelmente contribuiu para as mudanças nos perfis antropométrico e lipídico. Esses achados ressaltam a importância do aconselhamento nutricional para atletas nos diferentes períodos do treinamento.Â

Neurovascular control of hypertensive amateur runners.

INTRODUÇÃO: Alterações neurovasculares presentes na hipertensão arterial são minimizadas pelo treinamento físico em hipertensos previamente sedentários. Entretanto, é desconhecido se atletas hipertensos apresentam alterações neurovasculares ou se o treinamento físico previne tais danos. Este estudo avaliou o controle neurovascular de corredores hipertensos, durante o treinamento competitivo, assim como o efeito de 4 meses de treinamento de intensidade moderada nesta população. MÉTODOS: 37 corredores, homens (20 normotensos, 43 +-1 anos e 17 hipertensos, 42+-1 anos), foram avaliados no treinamento competitivo e posteriormente divididos em 4 subgrupos: normotensos que mantiveram treinamento competitivo (n=10); normotensos que realizaram treinamento de intensidade moderada (n=10); hipertensos que mantiveram treinamento competitivo (n=8); hipertensos que realizaram treinamento de intensidade moderada (n=8). Após 4 meses de intervenção, todos os corredores foram novamente avaliados. Atividade nervosa simpática muscular (ANSM) (microneurografia), propriedades arteriais (velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) e sistema echo-tracking de alta resolução), controle barorreflexo da frequência cardíaca (FC) e da ANSM (infusão de drogas vasoativas) foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: Corredores hipertensos apresentaram maior pressão arterial sistólica (P 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Corredores hipertensos apresentam ANSM elevada, mas manutenção das propriedades elásticas arteriais e do controle barorreflexo da FC e da ANSM, sugerindo um efeito positivo parcial do treinamento físico competitivo. Por outro lado, o treinamento de intensidade moderada é capaz de diminuir a ANSM dos corredores hipertensos e de melhorar o controle barorreflexo da ANSM, tanto em corredores hipertensos, quanto em corredores normotensosINTRODUCTION: Neurovascular alterations presented in hypertension are minimized by physical training in previously sedentary hypertensive. However it is unknown if hypertensive athletes present neurovascular alterations or if physical training prevents these damages. This study evaluated the neurovascular control of hypertensive runners during competitive training as well as the effect of 4 months of moderate intensity training in this population. METHODS: 37 runners, male (20 normotensive, 43+-1 years old and 17 hypertensive, 42+-1 years old), were evaluated during competitive training and after that were divided in 4 subgroups: normotensive who maintained competitive training (n=10); normotensive who performed moderate intensity training (n=10); hypertensive who maintained competitive training (n=8); hypertensive who performed moderate intensity training (n=8). After 4 months of intervention, all the runners were evaluated again. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) (microneurography), arterial properties (pulse wave velocity (PWV) and high-resolution echo-tracking system), baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) and MSNA (infusion of vasoactive drugs) were evaluated. RESULTS: Hypertensive runners had higher systolic (P 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertensive runners show high MSNA but preserved arterial elastic properties and baroreflex control of HR and MSNA, suggesting a positive partial effect of competitive physical training. On the other hand, the moderate intensity training is able to decrease MSNA in hypertensive runners and improves baroreflex control of MSNA in hypertensive as well in normotensive runner

Energy balance and macronutrient intake during season trainings: influence on anthropometric and lipid profiles in professional athletes

This study evaluated energetic balance and macronutrient intake at competitive training and transition training and their impact on anthropometric and lipid profiles in sixteen professional male athletes. Dietary data, body composition measurements and lipid profile were obtained at the end of both season trainings. Despite increased carbohydrate supplementation during exercise and higher caloric intake at competitive training (+10%, P =0.01), total daily energy expenditure was higher than caloric intake (79%, P<0.001). These results show negative energy balance at competitive training. However, total daily energy expenditure and caloric intake were similar at transition training (P =0.35). Higher intake of carbohydrate, fat, and protein were observed at competitive training (+13%, P =0.001 for all), although caloric intake was below the requirements during this period. Body mass (+2%, P =0.05), body fat percentage (+56%, P =0.01), fat mass (+57%, P =0.01), and waist and hip circumferences (+10%, P =0.004) were higher at transition training, as well as total and LDL-cholesterols (+14%, P =0.001). Endurance athletes showed negative energy balance at competitive training and maintained similar caloric intake at transition training despite decreased total daily energy expenditure, which might have contributed to changes in anthropometric and lipid profiles. These findings emphasize the importance of nutritional counseling for professional athletes during different season trainings. RESUMO Balanço energético e ingestão de macronutrientes  durante periodos de treinamento: influência nos perfis antropométrico e lipídico em atletas profissionaisEste estudo avaliou o balanço energético e a ingestão de macronutrientes nos treinamentos competitivo e de transição do treinamento e o seu impacto nos perfis antropométrico e lipídico de dezesseis atletas profissionais. Dados da dieta, medidas da composição corporal e perfil lipídico foram obtidos no final de ambos os treinamentos físico. Apesar do aumento da suplementação de carboidrato durante exercício e maior ingestão calórica no treinamento competitivo (+10%, P =0,01), o gasto energético diário total foi maior do que a ingestão calórica (79%, P<0,001), mostrando balanço energético negativo no treinamento competitivo. Entretanto, o gasto energético diário total e ingestão colórica foram similares no treinamento de transição (P =0,35). Maior ingestão de carboidrato, lipídio e proteína foram observados no treinamento competitivo (+13%, P =0,001), embora a ingestão calórica tenha sido abaixo da recomendada. Massa corporal (+2%, P =0,05), percentual de gordura corporal (+56%, P =0,01), massa de gordura (+57%, P =0,01), e circunferências de cintura e quadril (+10%, P =0,004) foram maiores no treinamento de transição, assim como o cholesterol total e LDL-c (+14%, P =0,001). Atletas de resistência apresentaram balanço energético negativo no treinamento competitivo e mantiveram ingestão calórica similar no treinamento de transição, apesar da diminuição do gasto energético, o que provavelmente contribuiu para as mudanças nos perfis antropométrico e lipídico. Esses achados ressaltam a importância do aconselhamento nutricional para atletas nos diferentes períodos do treinamento.

Exercise intensity optimization for men with high cardiorespiratory fitness

Exercise intensity is a key parameter for exercise prescription but the optimal range for individuals with high cardiorespiratory fitness is unknown. The aims of this study were (1) to determine optimal heart rate ranges for men with high cardiorespiratory fitness based on percentages of maximal oxygen consumption (%VO(2max)) and reserve oxygen consumption (%VO(2reserve)) corresponding to the ventilatory threshold and respiratory compensation point, and ( 2) to verify the effect of advancing age on the exercise intensities. Maximal cardiorespiratory testing was performed on 210 trained men. Linear regression equations were calculated using paired data points between percentage of maximal heart rate (%HR(max)) and %VO(2max) and between percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR) and %VO(2reserve) attained at each minute during the test. Values of %VO(2max) and %VO(2reserve) at the ventilatory threshold and respiratory compensation point were used to calculate the corresponding values of %HRmax and %HRR, respectively. The ranges of exercise intensity in relation to the ventilatory threshold and respiratory compensation point were achieved at 78-93% of HR(max) and 70-93% of HRR, respectively. Although absolute heart rate decreased with advancing age, there were no age-related differences in %HR(max) and %HRR at the ventilatory thresholds. Thus, in men with high cardiorespiratory fitness, the ranges of exercise intensity based on %HR(max) and %HRR regarding ventilatory threshold were 78-93% and 70-93% respectively, and were not influenced by advancing age

Predominance of Intrinsic Mechanism of Resting Heart Rate Control and Preserved Baroreflex Sensitivity in Professional Cyclists after Competitive Training.

Different season trainings may influence autonomic and non-autonomic cardiac control of heart rate and provokes specific adaptations on heart's structure in athletes. We investigated the influence of transition training (TT) and competitive training (CT) on resting heart rate, its mechanisms of control, spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and relationships between heart rate mechanisms and cardiac structure in professional cyclists (N = 10). Heart rate (ECG) and arterial blood pressure (Pulse Tonometry) were recorded continuously. Autonomic blockade was performed (atropine-0.04 mg.kg-1; esmolol-500 μg.kg-1 = 0.5 mg). Vagal effect, intrinsic heart rate, parasympathetic (n) and sympathetic (m) modulations, autonomic influence, autonomic balance and BRS were calculated. Plasma norepinephrine (high-pressure liquid chromatography) and cardiac structure (echocardiography) were evaluated. Resting heart rate was similar in TT and CT. However, vagal effect, intrinsic heart rate, autonomic influence and parasympathetic modulation (higher n value) decreased in CT (P≤0.05). Sympathetic modulation was similar in both trainings. The autonomic balance increased in CT but still showed parasympathetic predominance. Cardiac diameter, septum and posterior wall thickness and left ventricular mass also increased in CT (P<0.05) as well as diastolic function. We observed an inverse correlation between left ventricular diastolic diameter, septum and posterior wall thickness and left ventricular mass with intrinsic heart rate. Blood pressure and BRS were similar in both trainings. Intrinsic heart rate mechanism is predominant over vagal effect during CT, despite similar resting heart rate. Preserved blood pressure levels and BRS during CT are probably due to similar sympathetic modulation in both trainings

Cardiovascular Risk and Clinical Factors in Athletes: 10 Years of Evaluation

DE MATOS, L. D. N. J., N. D. A. O. CALDEIRA, P. D. S. PERLINGEIRO, I. L. G. DOS SANTOS, C. E. NEGRAO and L. F. AZEVEDO. Cardiovascular Risk and Clinical Factors in Athletes: 10 Years of Evaluation. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 943-950, 2011. Purpose: Preparticipation screening in athletes is a very current but controversial theme. Part of this controversy is due to the cost benefit, especially when the screening is merely used as a prevention of sudden cardiac death caused by rare and hereditary diseases. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of preexisting diseases, cardiovascular risk factor for cardiovascular diseases development, and hematological profile in a population of amateur and professional athletes. Methods: Data of 623 athletes (529 men and 94 women), aged 13-77 yr, were analyzed to detect preexisting diseases. The variables total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, fasting glucose, body mass index, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and ferritin were analyzed in two groups according to age, that is, younger and older 35 yr old, and their prevalence (%) and distribution in quartiles were presented. chi(2) test and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients between variables were applied, and P < 0.05 was adopted for significance. Results: Hypertension was the most prevalent preexisting diseases, although the data showed low prevalence of cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular risk factors were prevalent in both genders. There were positive correlations between cardiovascular risk factors and age and between body mass index and lipid levels in male athletes. Also, there was a high prevalence of low ferritin levels for women, with positive correlation between the levels of hemoglobin and ferritin. Conclusions: In the present study, hypertension was the most prevalent diagnosed disease, and cardiovascular risk factors showed important prevalence, especially in athletes older than 35 yr. Although physical training represents a cardioprotective factor to the onset of cardiovascular disease, it does not exclude the prevalence of risk factors and diseases in athletes

Resting HR, vagal effect and intrinsic HR in professional cyclists (N = 10) at transition (TT) and competitive training (CT).

<p>HR = heart rate.</p