Helyi szereplők reakciói a fejlesztéspolitikai környezet változásaira vidéki térségekben

Vidéki térségeink átalakulására alapvetően makro-gazdasági és társadalmi folyamatok hatnak, az egyes térségek, települések fejlődését azonban nagymértékben befolyásolják azok az állami fejlesztéspolitikai beavatkozások is, melyeket hazánkban egyre jobban az EU fejlesztéspolitikai céljai, szabály- és intézményrendszere határozott meg. A cikk - mely egy jelenleg is folyó OTKA kutatás első eredményeire épít - azt a kérdést vizsgálja, hogy a helyi szereplők miképpen alkalmazkodnak a változó fejlesztéspolitikai környezethez és ez a reakció hogyan alakítja vidéki térségeink, településeink helyzetét

A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia és a Magyar Nemzeti Vidéki Hálózat együttműködése keretében megvalósult komplex vidékkutatási programról

A vidéki tér megismeréséhez és a vidék fejlődését, értékeinek megőrzését segítő támogatási programok megalapozásához különböző tudományterületek módszertanát és eredményeit ötvöző komplex kutatásokra van szükség. A Magyar Nemzeti Vidéki Hálózat és a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia együttműködésén alapuló, 2012 végén indult komplex vidékkutatási program lehetőséget adott arra, hogy az MTA intézményhálózatának vidéki kutatóhelyein dolgozó és különböző szakterületeket képviselő kutatók – egyéb vidéki szakértők bevonásával – mintegy „virtuális” vidékkutatási hálózatot alkotva dolgozzanak. A kutatási program elsődleges célja a 2014–2020 közötti tervciklusra való felkészülés tudományos magalapozása volt, de számos elméleti, módszertani eredménnyel is szolgált, melyekből ízelítőt adnak a Tér és Társadalom e tematikus számában megjelenő tanulmányok. A bevezető célja, hogy áttekintést adjon a vidékkutatási program hátteréről, célkitűzéseiről, megvalósításáról, felvillantsa annak egyéb eredményeit és az eredmények eddigi hasznosulását

A határon túli vasútállomások neve a vasúti utastájékoztatásban

Names for railway stations beyond the borders of Hungary in information services for railway passengers     This paper presents the problems in identifying the contemporary Hungarian names for railway stations in the Carpathian Basin that formerly were known only by their Hungarian names. The author describes the changes of the names for the relevant settlements as well as those of the names for their railway stations from the time of the official settlement names standardization up to the present (i.e. between 1898 and 2013), which have led to misunderstandings in everyday communication and, especially, in information services for railway passengers. The paper presents the international rules and requirements for naming railway stations, and discusses the relevant regulations by the Hungarian Railways. The author explains why the Hungarian names cannot be used in timetables and why the exclusive use of Hungarian names for railway stations beyond the borders of the present-day Hungary cannot be claimed in information services. The author also discusses the queries on name use posed by the Hungarian Railways to the Hungarian Committee on Geographical Names; and based on the decisions involving an accepted list of railway station names, summarizes the principles to be followed in name use, exploring the professional background of the actual decisions. Because of the lack of unified practice concerning the use of the Hungarian names for settlements beyond the borders of the present-day Hungary, the author initiates the compilation of a standardized historical and administrative gazetteer

THE SIX ARROWS OF ATATÜRKISM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EQUAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was one of the greatest, if not the greatest, figures in Turkish history, and he did not earn this title without reason. The reforms and innovations he brought to Turkey brought about real change in theory and natural social and political terms. One of the most striking manifestations of these reforms was the so-called 'six arrows' system, which effectively summed up Atatürk's political essence and ideas. In this paper, I will describe the elements of the 'six arrows' system, examining their social and political implications, particularly the steps taken to achieve women's equality. I have chosen impact analysis as the research method, as I considered it appropriate in the context of women's emancipation, given the many social impacts of introducing new legislation in Turkish society. In my thesis, I have greatly emphasized the historical overview of the right to marry freely - primarily from a legal-historical perspective- to obtain a genuinely complex picture of the six arrows system as manifested in law practice. In choosing the research method, I proceeded from the assumption that the various disciplines and applied sciences now make it possible to predict the expected consequences of legislative decisions with varying degrees of reliability, and to examine the results of decisions already taken after the event, comparing the facts with the anticipated effects. Suppose we accept that the purpose of legislation is to produce some consequence. In that case, an impact assessment is a prominent tool for assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of individual legislative products and the legislative process

Tax incentives applied against externalities: International examples of fat tax and carbon tax

This study assesses the Pigou taxes introduced as a response to negative externalities in practice. The authors analyze the international practice and effectiveness of taxation on food products harmful to health and on carbon emissions harmful to the environment and, in relation to these two types of taxes, the focus is on the opportunities and the factors reducing efficiency

Adóösztönzőkkel az externáliák ellen: a népegészségügyi termékadó és a széndioxidadó nemzetközi példái

A tanulmány a negatív externáliákra válaszul bevezetett Pigou-adókat vizsgálja a gyakorlatban. A szerzők két terület, az egészségre káros élelmiszerek és a fenntartható környezetre káros széndioxid-kibocsátás adóztatásának nemzetközi gyakorlatát és eredményességét vizsgálják, a két adónem lehetőségeire és a hatékonyságukat rontó tényezőkre összpontosítanak

Factors Contributing to Students’ Academic Success Based on the Students’ Opinion at BME Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences

This study presents the opinion of students of the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences at the BME concerning the factors, which contribute to students’ academic success. Academic success was defined by the successful completion of university studies. 478 students were consulted by online questionnaire. The factors were grouped into eight scales: practice-oriented education, student’s social relationship on campus, student’s study habits, supports for student’s learning in classroom, student’s attitude towards responsibilities in university, support by family and friends, conscious career choice and assistance provided by remedial courses. The opinions of the male and the female students varied across seven scales, with only the role of student’s social relationships on campus being judged similarly by both genders. Students studying for bachelor’s degrees judged the role of the student’s social relationships on campus to be more important. Students on different degree programmes held differing opinions in two scales

Results from the Farm Behaviour Component of the Integrated Economic-Hydrologic Model for the Watershed Evaluation of Beneficial Management Practices Program

This report summarizes preliminary results from the Farm Behavior component of the South Tobacco Creek Integrated Modeling Project (STC Project) which is being undertaken as part of the Watershed Evaluation of BMPs (WEBs) Program. WEBS is a partnership between Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) and Ducks Unlimited Canada (DUC) established to evaluate the economic and environmental performance of BMPs for water quality at the watershed scale. Water draining from South Tobacco Creek eventually enters to Lake Winnipeg which is degraded from the cumulative effects of nutrient loading, particularly phosphorous. Many jurisdictions across the world, including Canada, use payments programs to encourage land owners to change land management practices in order to reduce non-point source pollution. BMP incentive programs in Canada, such as Greencover, rely on fixed payment schemes which pay producers a set amount for BMPs, regardless of costs or benefits. In order to improve the performance of payment programs many jurisdictions have instituted auction type mechanisms. The purpose of the Farm Behavior component of the STC project is to examine the performance of various types of payment programs for BMPs relative to reducing phosphorous loads from STC. Theoretical and empirical evidence from conservation auctions suggest that the performance of auctions depends on several factors which affect the bidding behavior of producers during the auction, and therefore the cost-effectiveness of auctions over other types of payment programs. In particular, some producers actually benefit from BMPs, however under certain auction rules these producers would be paid the same amount as high cost producers; alternatively, producers with low costs of adopting BMPs may not always provide the greatest benefits in terms of pollution abatement depending on their location in the watershed, and physical features of their land. We assessed the relative performance of different payment programs by developing producer response functions for adoption of Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs). Producer adoption responses under different incentive schemes were tested using experiments with student subjects and limited trials with producers. We examined four BMPs: construction of holding ponds, riparian management, forage conversion, and conservation till. The results of the adoption response experiments conducted under WEBS were used to draw preliminary observations on BMP policy design and form the basis for recommendations for further research. The farm behavior project focuses on addressing the following two questions: 1. Does BMP adoption at a given farm make the individual farm household better or worse off from an economic perspective? 2. How much will it cost the government to get farms to adopt BMPs under different payment programs? Since producer heterogeneity is key to understanding the performance of conservation auctions, we examined the costs and benefits of BMPs at the individual farm level and developed on-farm costs for each BMP for each producer in the watershed. The basic components of the model are described below, however the details including underlying assumptions regarding baseline farm behavior, are outlined within the body of the report. We used the on-farm cost model to generate aggregate cost functions for BMPs for the watershed and to parameterize the policy experiments related to conservation auctions. Preliminary estimates of environmental benefits of individual BMP adoption were provided by Dr. Wanhong Yang using results from a SWAT model developed under a separate component of the South Tobacco Creek WEBS project. Based on this information, we were able to evaluate the performance of various auction formats in terms of cost effectiveness, distribution of payments amongst producers, and environmental benefit. The results from the Farm behavior component of the South Tobacco Creek project are preliminary, and are currently being refined. Therefore it is difficult to draw generalized conclusions at this point. Further experiments are being conducted to complete the data collection during FY 08-09 through Interim WEBS funding. Nonetheless main findings to date are summarized below: 1. The four BMPs assessed differ in terms of their cost as well as their ability to deliver environmental benefits. Unfortunately, there is no BMP that dominates across farms at all abatement levels. Farms have heterogeneous costs in terms of BMPs, and some farms are cost effective at supplying abatement using one BMP, but not another. 2. This suggests that if water quality benefits (e.g. phosphorous reduction) can be quantified through modeling by BMP and by farm, then water quality should be the contracting unit for the auction rather than the BMP. This would allow producers to select the most cost effective BMP for supplying water quality benefits, and then decision makers could allocate contracts based on ranking the costs of abatement. 3. At the next stage of the research we will test for synergies between farms – ie., whether the joint production function for water quality between farms differs from the sum of individual production functions. This will have implications for how the payment scheme should be designed. 4. Incorporating „fairness‟ types of allocation rules for conservation dollars, such as maximum participation in conservation programs is inefficient in terms of cost and environmental benefits. If fairness, or using conservation payments as a form of extension to learn about on farm costs of BMPs is the goal of the auction, then fixed payment programs which are open to everyone may be more desirable. 5. The performance of the auction depends on the shape of the cost function for BMPs and/or pollution abatement, as well as whether uniform (pay everyone the highest bid) or discriminatory pricing (pay everyone their own bid) rules are applied. In future research we will be investigating to what extent we can generalize results about the performance of uniform versus discriminatory pricing rules in this context. In conclusion, this research has allowed us to investigate individually the performance of incentive payments for individual BMPs. The results of the analysis provide us with a baseline of information by which we can begin to assess more complex conservation program issues, such as how to optimally select multiple BMPs within the watershed, and whether/how to spatially target BMPs.watersheds, South Tobacco Creek, water quality, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q12,Q52,D44,