Beyond the formal/informal enterprise dualism : explaining the level of (in)formality of entrepreneurs

Rather than portray formal and informal sector entrepreneurs as discrete groups, an emergent scholarship has conceptualized a continuum from wholly formal to wholly informal entrepreneurs. The aim of the paper is to advance a degree of (in)formality approach by evaluating whether the institutional determinants found to explain whether an enterprise is formal or informal are also valid when explaining the level of (in)formality of enterprises. To do so, a 2017 survey of 500 retail micro-enterprises in the city of Lahore in Pakistan is reported. The finding is that higher levels of formality are more significantly associated with individual-level characteristics of the entrepreneur and enterprise, such as educational level and sales, than with formal and informal institutional conditions, as proposed by institutional theory. The paper thus concludes by offering new theoretical implications and exploring some innovative policy measures to tackle informal entrepreneurship

API Listeria Rapid kit for Confirmatory Fenotypic Conventional Biochemical Test of the Prevalence Listeria Monocytogenes in Selected Meat and Meat Products

AbstractThis study was conducted to confirm the prevalences Listeria monocytogenes from the conventional biochemical identification. The prevalences of pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes come from raw and processed meat products. The DIM results of confirmatory identification using the API Listeria kit showed that 4 isolates were designated as L. monocytogenes with a ‘doubtful profile’ comment, 98.69%, good identification respectively. On the other hand, 2 isolates were identified as L.innocua and L. seeligeri

Addition Of Chiral And Achiral Allyltrichlorostannanes To Chiral α-alkoxy Aldehydes

Achiral and chiral allyltrichlorostannanes reacted with chiral α-alkoxy aldehydes to give the corresponding homoallylic alcohols with moderate to good levels of 1,4-syn-diastereoselection.204802812Fleming, I., Barbero, A., Walter, D., (1997) Chem. Rev., 97, p. 2063Nishigaichi, Y., Takuwa, A., Naruta, Y., Maruyama, K., (1993) Tetrahedron, 49, p. 7395Panek, J.S., Xu, F., Rondon, A.C., (1998) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, p. 4113Zhu, B., Panek, J.S., (2001) Eur. J. Org. Chem., 9, p. 1701Huang, H.B., Spande, T.F., Panek, J.S., (2003) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, p. 626Keck, G.E., Abbott, D.E., (1984) Tetrahedron Lett, 25, p. 1883Maguire, R.J., Mulzer, J., Bats, J.W., (1996) J. Org. Chem., 61, p. 6936Denmark, S.E., Stavenger, R.A., (1998) J. Org. Chem., 63, p. 9524Trost, B.M., Urabe, H., (1990) J. Org. Chem., 55, p. 3982Nishigaishi, Y., Takuwa, A., Jodai, A., (1991) Tetrahedron Lett, 32, p. 2383Almendros, P., Gruttadauria, M., Helliwell, M., Thomas, E.J., (1997) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I, p. 2549Deka, D.C., Helliwell, M., Thomas, E.J., (2001) Tetrahedron, 57, p. 10017Martin, N., Thomas, E.J., (2001) Tetrahedron Lett, 42, p. 8373Kumar, P., Thomas, E.J., Tray, D.R., (2001) J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 12, p. 623Gruttadauria, M., Thomas, E.J., (1995) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I, p. 1469Nishigaichi, Y., Kuramoto, H., Takuwa, A., (1995) Tetrahedron Lett, 36, p. 3353Dias, L.C., Giacomini, R., (1998) J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 9, p. 357Dias, L.C., Giacomini, R., (1998) Tetrahedron Lett, 39, p. 5343Dias, L.C., Meira, P.R.R., Ferreira, E., Org. Lett., 1999, p. 1335. , See also: "NMR Spectra and Structures of Organotin Compounds," V. S. Petrosyan, Progr. in NMR Spectr. 1978, 11, 115Dias, L.C., Meira, P.R.R., (2000) Synlett, p. 37Dias, L.C., Ferreira, E., (2001) Tetrahedron Lett, 42, p. 7159Dias, L.C., Ferreira, A.A., Diaz, G., (2002) Synlett, p. 1845Dias, L.C., Diaz, G., Ferreira, A.A., Meira, P.R.R., Ferreira, E., (2003) Synthesis, p. 603Dias, L.C., Giacomini, R., Meira, P.R.R., Ferreira, E., Ferreira, A.A., Diaz, G., dos Santos, D.R., Steil, L.J., (2003) Arkivoc, 10, p. 240Dias, L.C., dos Santos, D.R., Steil, L.J., (2003) Tetrahedron Lett, 44, p. 6861(2002) Org. Lett., 4, p. 4325. , We have recently described a very efficient, synthetically useful 1, 4-anti-1, 5-anti boron-mediated aldol reaction of chiral α-methyl-β-alkoxy methyl ketone with achiral aldehydes: Dias, L.C., Baú, R.Z., de Sousa, M.A., Zukerman-Schpector, JDenmark, S.E., Wilson, T., Willson, T.M., (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, p. 984Denmark, S.E., Weber, E.J., Wilson, T., Willson, T.M., (1989) Tetrahedron, 45, p. 1053Denmark, S.E., Almstead, N.G., (1992) Tetrahedron, 48, p. 5565Denmark, S.E., Almstead, N.G., (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, p. 3133Dias, L.C., Fattori, J., Perez, C.C., (2008) Tetrahedron Lett, 49, p. 557Dias, L.C., Fattori, J., Perez, C.C., Oliveira, V.M., Aguilar, A.M., (2008) Tetrahedron, 64, p. 5891Kim, D., Lee, J., Shim, P.J., Lim, J.I., Doi, T., Kim, S., (2002) J. Org. Chem., 67, p. 772noteShambayati, S., Schreiber, S.L., Blake, J.F., Wierschke, S.G., Jorgensen, W.L., (1990) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, p. 697noteChérest, M., Felkin, H., Prudent, N., (1968) Tetrahedron Lett, 18, p. 2199Anh, N.T., Eisenstein, O., (1977) Nouv. J. Chem., 1, p. 61noteBatey, R.A., Thadani, A.N., Smil, D.V., Lough, A.J., (2000) Synthesis, 7, p. 990Heathcock, C.H., Pirrung, M.C., Sohn, J.E., (1979) J. Org. Chem., 44, p. 4294Landmann, B., Hoffmann, R.W., (1987) Chem. Ber., 120, p. 331Dias, L.C., Ferreira, M.A.B., Tormena, C.F., (2008) J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, p. 232Sames, D., Liu, Y., De Young, L., Polt, R., (1995) J. Org. Chem., 60, p. 2153Lombardo, M., Morganti, S., Trombini, C., (2003) J. Org. Chem., 68, p. 997notenotenot

Understanding physical drivers of the 2015/16 marine heatwaves in the Northwest Atlantic

The Northwest Atlantic, which has exhibited evidence of accelerated warming compared to the global ocean, also experienced several notable marine heatwaves (MHWs) over the last decade. We analyze spatiotemporal patterns of surface and subsurface temperature structure across the Northwest Atlantic continental shelf and slope to assess the influences of atmospheric and oceanic processes on ocean temperatures. Here we focus on MHWs from 2015/16 and examine their physical drivers using observational and reanalysis products. We find that a combination of jet stream latitudinal position and ocean advection, mainly due to warm core rings shed by the Gulf Stream, plays a role in MHW development. While both atmospheric and oceanic drivers can lead to MHWs they have different temperature signatures with each affecting the vertical structure differently and horizontal spatial patterns of a MHW. Northwest Atlantic MHWs have significant socio-economic impacts and affect commercially important species such as squid and lobster

Collective excitations of a two-dimensional interacting Bose gas in anti-trap and linear external potentials

We present a method of finding approximate analytical solutions for the spectra and eigenvectors of collective modes in a two-dimensional system of interacting bosons subjected to a linear external potential or the potential of a special form $u(x,y)=\mu -u \cosh^2 x/l$, where $\mu$ is the chemical potential. The eigenvalue problem is solved analytically for an artificial model allowing the unbounded density of the particles. The spectra of collective modes are calculated numerically for the stripe, the rare density valley and the edge geometry and compared with the analytical results. It is shown that the energies of the modes localized at the rare density region and at the edge are well approximated by the analytical expressions. We discuss Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in the systems under investigations at $T\ne 0$ and find that in case of a finite number of the particles the regime of BEC can be realized, whereas the condensate disappears in the thermodynamic limit.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures include

1/f Noise in Electron Glasses

We show that 1/f noise is produced in a 3D electron glass by charge fluctuations due to electrons hopping between isolated sites and a percolating network at low temperatures. The low frequency noise spectrum goes as \omega^{-\alpha} with \alpha slightly larger than 1. This result together with the temperature dependence of \alpha and the noise amplitude are in good agreement with the recent experiments. These results hold true both with a flat, noninteracting density of states and with a density of states that includes Coulomb interactions. In the latter case, the density of states has a Coulomb gap that fills in with increasing temperature. For a large Coulomb gap width, this density of states gives a dc conductivity with a hopping exponent of approximately 0.75 which has been observed in recent experiments. For a small Coulomb gap width, the hopping exponent approximately 0.5.Comment: 8 pages, Latex, 6 encapsulated postscript figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.

Advances in greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) research: the DIVERSIFY project

The greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) is a species with high potential for the EU aquaculture due to its fast growth (6 kg in 2.5 years), excellent flesh quality and global market. Its farming in the Mediterranean region started in the 1990s with wild-caught juveniles, but the production is still negligible, as several bottlenecks exist for its industrial production. These include the absence of reliable reproduction, limited availability of juveniles, lack of knowledge on the nutrient requirements and pathology of the species. The EU FP7-funded DIVERSIFY project (www.diversifyfish.eu) examines the major aspects of greater amberjack aquaculture in order to overcome these bottlenecks and develop appropriate rearing methods for commercial production. This article provides some highlights from the first 2 years of the project.Postprin

Stability and collapse of localized solutions of the controlled three-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation

On the basis of recent investigations, a newly developed analytical procedure is used for constructing a wide class of localized solutions of the controlled three-dimensional (3D) Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) that governs the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). The controlled 3D GPE is decomposed into a two-dimensional (2D) linear Schr\"{o}dinger equation and a one-dimensional (1D) nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation, constrained by a variational condition for the controlling potential. Then, the above class of localized solutions are constructed as the product of the solutions of the transverse and longitudinal equations. On the basis of these exact 3D analytical solutions, a stability analysis is carried out, focusing our attention on the physical conditions for having collapsing or non-collapsing solutions.Comment: 21 pages, 14 figure

Renormalized Path Integral for the Two-Dimensional Delta-Function Interaction

A path-integral approach for delta-function potentials is presented. Particular attention is paid to the two-dimensional case, which illustrates the realization of a quantum anomaly for a scale invariant problem in quantum mechanics. Our treatment is based on an infinite summation of perturbation theory that captures the nonperturbative nature of the delta-function bound state. The well-known singular character of the two-dimensional delta-function potential is dealt with by considering the renormalized path integral resulting from a variety of schemes: dimensional, momentum-cutoff, and real-space regularization. Moreover, compatibility of the bound-state and scattering sectors is shown.Comment: 26 pages. The paper was significantly expanded and numerous equations were added for the sake of clarity; the main results and conclusions are unchange

Probing quantum gravity using photons from a flare of the active galactic nucleus Markarian 501 observed by the MAGIC telescope

We analyze the timing of photons observed by the MAGIC telescope during a flare of the active galactic nucleus Mkn 501 for a possible correlation with energy, as suggested by some models of quantum gravity (QG), which predict a vacuum refractive index \simeq 1 + (E/M_{QGn})^n, n = 1,2. Parametrizing the delay between gamma-rays of different energies as \Delta t =\pm\tau_l E or \Delta t =\pm\tau_q E^2, we find \tau_l=(0.030\pm0.012) s/GeV at the 2.5-sigma level, and \tau_q=(3.71\pm2.57)x10^{-6} s/GeV^2, respectively. We use these results to establish lower limits M_{QG1} > 0.21x10^{18} GeV and M_{QG2} > 0.26x10^{11} GeV at the 95% C.L. Monte Carlo studies confirm the MAGIC sensitivity to propagation effects at these levels. Thermal plasma effects in the source are negligible, but we cannot exclude the importance of some other source effect.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, Phys. Lett. B, reflects published versio