¿Y si usamos los dos? Attitudes towards Translanguaging in an L2 Spanish Writing Course

[EN] Translanguaging is a new approach to language use, bilingual acquisition, and bilingual education that sees all acquired languages (or those being acquired) as components of one bi/multilingual repertoire (García & Wei, 2014). However, discussions of specific pedagogical applications of translingualism have remained limited and speculative (Gervers, 2018; Matsuda, 2014). Hence, it is still unclear how such pedagogies would address the needs of bi/multilingual student writers. Based on the need to further understand the use of translanguaging in the classroom, the present article explores the translingual practices and attitudes of students in a Spanish undergraduate writing class. Participants were 9 undergraduate students from a university in the United States. Data collection involved an online questionnaire, individual interviews —which focused on attitudes towards translanguaging— and the student’s submission of their final project, which allowed the researchers to observe whether students reflected the translanguaging practices in the project. Results from online questionnaire and interviews suggest that students can better focus on the message they want to convey without linguistic pressure that forces them to use one language only. Additionally, pairing students for collaborative writing enhanced their overall drafting development. Results from the final projects reflect that students tend to not reflect translanguaging in their final version.Lopez-Hevia, G.; Ruiz-Perez, S. (2021). ¿Y si usamos los dos? Attitudes towards Translanguaging in an L2 Spanish Writing Course. En 7th International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAd'21). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 325-333. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAd21.2021.13003OCS32533

Color Engineering of Silicon Nitride Surfaces to Characterize the Polydopamine Refractive Index

A simple methodology to generate polydopamine (PDA) surfaces featured with color due to thin-film interference phenomena is presented. It is based on depositing ultra-thin films of polydopamine on a Si/Si 3 N 4 wafer that exhibits an interferential reflectance maximum right at the visible/UV boundary (∼400 nm). Therefore, a small deposit of PDA modifies the optical path, in such manner that the wavelength of the maximum of reflectance red shifts. Because the human eye is very sensitive to any change of the light spectral distribution at the visible region, very small film thickness changes (∼30 nm) are enough to notably modify the perceived color. Consequently, a controlled deposit of PDA, tune the color along the whole visible spectrum. Additionally, good quality of PDA deposits allowed us to determine the refractive index of polydopamine by ellipsometry spectroscopy. This data can be crucial in confocal skin microscopic techniques, presently used in diagnosis of skin tumors.Fil: Vega Moreno, Milena Amparo. Universidad de Salamanca; EspañaFil: Martín del Valle, Eva M.. Universidad de Salamanca; EspañaFil: Perez, Maximiliano Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Haedo; ArgentinaFil: Pecharromán, Carlos. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto de Ciencia de los Materiales de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Marcelo, Gema. Universidad de Salamanca; Españ

Registro, aplicación y pago del impuesto sobre la renta (IR) en la empresa “Clínica Mil Flores” del municipio de Matagalpa, departamento de Matagalpa en el período 2015

El presente Seminario de Graduación tiene como propósito analizar el registro, aplicación y pago del impuesto sobre la renta en la Clínica Mil Flores, del municipio de Matagalpa, departamento de Matagalpa, durante el periodo 2015. El impuesto sobre la renta es un tributo que se paga por la renta generada por la venta de bienes o prestaciones de servicios en general. Este tributo es uno de los medios utilizados por el estado para la recaudación de ingresos necesarios para soportar los gastos que se deben realizar para las obras de desarrollo del país. Es muy importante para la empresa conocer sobre dicho impuesto para aplicarlo de manera correcta, ya que el incumplimiento de este puede conllevar a consecuencias legales y multas para dicha organización. En el desarrollo de este documento se describe el IR anual, el pago mínimo definitivo, las retenciones en la fuente y retenciones definitivas que están obligados a realizar los contribuyentes, así como las obligaciones formales y generales que tienen como contribuyente, también los requisitos y casos en los que las entidades quedan exentas del pago de alguno de estos impuestos. Para obtener la información, se aplicó como instrumento la entrevista, la cual fue realizada al contador de la entidad, concluyendo de manera general que la Clínica Mil Flores realiza el registro, aplicación y pago del impuesto sobre la renta de acuerdo a lo establecido en la ley Nº 822 (Ley de Concertación Tributaria) cumpliendo con las obligaciones que tienen como contribuyentes. Palabras Clave: Impuesto sobre la renta, anticipo IR, retenciones, registro, aplicación y pago

Ökonomische und politische Hemmnisse der bulgarischen Privatisierung

'Sieben Jahre sind seit Beginn des Transformationsprozesses vergangen, und Bulgarien befindet sich in einer wirtschaftlichen und politischen Krise. Es stellt sich die Frage, warum Bulgarien bezüglich des Reformprozesses eines der rückständigsten mittel- und osteuropäischen Länder ist. Ein wichtiger Teil der Antwort ist in den ernüchternden Ergebnissen der Privatisierung zu finden. Es würde jedoch zu einer starken Vereinfachung der Situation führen, die Antwort lediglich im ökonomischen Umfeld suchen zu wollen. Deswegen konzentiert sich der vorliegende Bericht nach einer Relevanzanalyse wirtschaftlicher Faktoren auf die Untersuchung politischer Hemmnisse im Privatisierungsprozeß. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit beruhen hauptsächlich auf in Bulgarien mit Fachleuten geführten Interviews.' (Autorenreferat)'Seven years have passed since the beginning of the transformation process and Bulgaria is now in economic and political crisis. We find ourselves asking why Bulgaria is making less progress in the reform process than almost any other Central and Eastern European country. The sobering results of the privatisation process provide an important part of the answer. However, it would be a radical oversimplification to seek all the answers in the economic situation. After an analysis of the economic factors, the present report will focus therefore on an assessment of political obstacles to the privatisation process. This study's findings are based primarily on interviews with specialists in Bulgaria.' (auhor's abstract

Detecting Successful Student Profiles At An Open University: The Case Of The UNED (Spain)

At present, one of the major issues and most interesting discussions within the European Higher Education Area is the rate of success in university-level study, and therefore the adaptation of todays university education system to societys requirements. Moreover, we have seen significant growth in distance education throughout recent decades, as this type of education takes on a stronger leadership role in countries that are experiencing severe economic crises. Because the National Distance Education University (UNED) is the most important distance university in Spain, and the Economics Degree program has been offered by the School of Economics and Business for the first time, we have attempted to find a correlation between variables which describe student characteristics (age, gender, employment status, manner of admission, and nationality) and success rates in order to determine the influence that these variables have and achieve a better understanding of student success rates

Diseño y aplicación de un programa de intervención de práctica deportiva inclusiva y su efecto sobre la actitud hacia la discapacidad: El Campus Inclusivo de Baloncesto

El objetivo del presente estudio fue diseñar y aplicar un programa de intervención como modelo de práctica deportiva inclusiva, analizando el impacto que ejerce en la actitud hacia la discapacidad en jugadores que no la tienen. Para ello, se puso en práctica el “Campus Inclusivo de Baloncesto”, organizado por la Fundación Real Madrid, como actividad deportiva inclusiva donde la práctica del baloncesto sirve de contexto para una práctica normalizadora, ya que a él asisten participantes con y sin discapacidad física. El diseño del estudio fue de tipo experimental, utilizando el "Cuestionario de actitudes hacia las personas con discapacidad" (Reina, López, Jiménez, García-Calvo, y Hutzler, 2011), aplicándolo antes de la intervención, después y pasados 9 meses de la misma, a los 21 participantes sin discapacidad (17 hombres y 4 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre los 8 y los 14 años. Se aplicaron la prueba de Wilcoxon y ANOVA de medidas repetidas, estableciendo el nivel de confianza en p≤0,05. Los resultados muestran cambios significativos en positivo sobre la actitud hacia las personas con discapacidad tras el desarrollo de la actividad y un mantenimiento de dichos cambios en el tiempo. Estos resultados sugieren la validez del diseño propuesto para promover cambios en la perspectiva de la inclusión en contextos de iniciación deportiv

Nature-based solutions for flood mitigation and soil conservation in a steep-slope olive-orchard catchment (Arquillos, Spain)

The frequency and magnitude of flash floods in the olive orchards of southern Spain have increased because of climate change and unsustainable olive-growing techniques. Affected surfaces occupy >85% of the rural regions of the Upper Guadalquivir Basin. Dangerous geomorphic processes record the increase of runoff, soil loss and streamflow through time. We report on ripple/dune growth over a plane bed on overland flows, deep incision of ephemeral gullies in olive groves and rock-bed erosion in streams, showing an extraordinary sediment transport capacity of sub-daily pluvial floods. We develop a novel method to design optimal solutions for natural flood management and erosion risk mitigation. We adopt physical-based equations and build a whole-system model that accurately reproduces the named processes. The approach yields the optimal targeted locations of nature-based solutions (NbSs) for active flow-control by choosing the physical-model parameters that minimise the peak discharge and the erosion-prone area, maximising the soil infiltration capacity. The sub-metric spatial resolution used to resolve microtopographic features of terrains/NbS yields a computational mesh with millions of cells, requiring a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) to run massive numerical simulations. Our study could contribute to developing principles and standards for agricultural-management initiatives using NbSs in Mediterranean olive and vineyard orchards.This work was funded by: “Programa Operativo FEDER 2014-2020” and “Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento de la Junta de Andalucía” grant number 138096; the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR and MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 grant number TED2021-129910B-I00

NAFLD and AATD Are Two Diseases with Unbalanced Lipid Metabolism: Similarities and Differences

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a type of steatosis commonly associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. Other diseases such as inherited alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) have also been related to the development of liver steatosis. The primary reasons leading to hepatic lipid deposits can be genetic and epigenetic, and the outcomes range from benign steatosis to liver failure, as well as to extrahepatic diseases. Progressive hepatocellular damage and dysregulated systemic immune responses can affect extrahepatic organs, specifically the heart and lungs. In this review, we discuss the similarities and differences between the molecular pathways of NAFLD and AATD, and the putative value of hepatic organoids as novel models to investigate the physio pathological mechanisms of liver steatosis.This work was supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII): AESI PI20CIII/00015 and PISCIIIBB-PT20CIII/00009, and by Polish National Science Centre Grants 2015/17/B/NZ5/01370 and 2018/29/B/NZ5/02346.S

Technological advances to rescue temporary and ephemeral wetlands: reducing their vulnerability, making them visible

Mediterranean temporary ponds are a priority habitat according to the Natura 2000 network of the European Union, and complete inventories of these ecosystems are therefore needed. Their small size, short hydroperiod, or severe disturbance make these ponds undetectable by most remote sensing systems. Here we show, for the first time, that the distributed hydrologic model IBER+ detects ephemeral and even extinct wetlands by fully exploiting the available digital elevation model and resolving many microtopographic features at drainage basin scales of about 1000 km2. This paper aims to implement a methodology for siting flood-prone areas that can potentially host a temporary wetland, validating the results with historical orthophotos and existing wetlands inventories. Our model succeeds in dryland endorheic catchments of the Upper Guadalquivir Basin: it has detected 89% of the previously catalogued wetlands and found four new unknown wetlands. In addition, we have found that 24% of the detected wetlands have disappeared because of global change. Subsequently, environmental managers could use the proposed methodology to locate wetlands quickly and cheaply. Finding wetlands would help monitor their conservation and restore them if needed.This work was funded by: “Programa Operativo FEDER 2014–2020” and “Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento de la Junta de Andalucía” grant number 138096; the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR and MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 grant number TED2021-129910BI00

Evaluation of Swallowing Related Muscle Activity by Means of Concentric Ring Electrodes

[EN] Surface electromyography (sEMG) can be helpful for evaluating swallowing related muscle activity. Conventional recordings with disc electrodes suffer from significant crosstalk from adjacent muscles and electrode-to-muscle fiber orientation problems, while concentric ring electrodes (CREs) offer enhanced spatial selectivity and axial isotropy. The aim of this work was to evaluate CRE performance in sEMG recordings of the swallowing muscles. Bipolar recordings were taken from 21 healthy young volunteers when swallowing saliva, water and yogurt, first with a conventional disc and then with a CRE. The signals were characterized by the root-mean-square amplitude, signal-to-noise ratio, myopulse, zero-crossings, median frequency, bandwidth and bilateral muscle cross-correlations. The results showed that CREs have advantages in the sEMG analysis of swallowing muscles, including enhanced spatial selectivity and the associated reduction in crosstalk, the ability to pick up a wider range of EMG frequency components and easier electrode placement thanks to its radial symmetry. However, technical changes are recommended in the future to ensure that the lower CRE signal amplitude does not significantly affect its quality. CREs show great potential for improving the clinical monitoring and evaluation of swallowing muscle activity. Future work on pathological subjects will assess the possible advantages of CREs in dysphagia monitoring and diagnosis.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of the Economy and Competitiveness, the European Regional Development Fund (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE RTI2018-094449-A-I00-AR).Garcia-Casado, J.; Prats-Boluda, G.; Ye Lin, Y.; Restrepo-Agudelo, S.; Perez-Giraldo, E.; Orozco-Duque, A. (2020). 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