14,224 research outputs found
ChatGPT MT: Competitive for High- (but not Low-) Resource Languages
Large language models (LLMs) implicitly learn to perform a range of language
tasks, including machine translation (MT). Previous studies explore aspects of
LLMs' MT capabilities. However, there exist a wide variety of languages for
which recent LLM MT performance has never before been evaluated. Without
published experimental evidence on the matter, it is difficult for speakers of
the world's diverse languages to know how and whether they can use LLMs for
their languages. We present the first experimental evidence for an expansive
set of 204 languages, along with MT cost analysis, using the FLORES-200
benchmark. Trends reveal that GPT models approach or exceed traditional MT
model performance for some high-resource languages (HRLs) but consistently lag
for low-resource languages (LRLs), under-performing traditional MT for 84.1% of
languages we covered. Our analysis reveals that a language's resource level is
the most important feature in determining ChatGPT's relative ability to
translate it, and suggests that ChatGPT is especially disadvantaged for LRLs
and African languages.Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures, 14 table
Interstitial Fractionalization and Spherical Crystallography
Finding the ground states of identical particles packed on spheres has
relevance for stabilizing emulsions and a venerable history in the literature
of theoretical physics and mathematics. Theory and experiment have confirmed
that defects such as disclinations and dislocations are an intrinsic part of
the ground state. Here we discuss the remarkable behavior of vacancies and
interstitials in spherical crystals. The strain fields of isolated
disclinations forced in by the spherical topology literally rip interstitials
and vacancies apart, typically into dislocation fragments that combine with the
disclinations to create small grain boundary scars. The fractionation is often
into three charge-neutral dislocations, although dislocation pairs can be
created as well. We use a powerful, freely available computer program to
explore interstitial fractionalization in some detail, for a variety of power
law pair potentials. We investigate the dependence on initial conditions and
the final state energies, and compare the position dependence of interstitial
energies with the predictions of continuum elastic theory on the sphere. The
theory predicts that, before fragmentation, interstitials are repelled from
5-fold disclinations and vacancies are attracted. We also use vacancies and
interstitials to study low energy states in the vicinity of "magic numbers"
that accommodate regular icosadeltahedral tessellations.Comment: 21 pages, 9 figure
Pore structure, barrier layer topography and matrix alumina structure of porous anodic alumina film
Different anodic voltages and methods were adopted to produce porous anodic alumina films (PAAF) in an aqueous solution of oxalic acid. Carbon tube growth by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in the films was used to copy the internal pore structure and was recorded by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photos. Atomic force microscope (AFM) was employed to obtain the topography of the barrier layer of the corresponding films. When the anodic voltage was 40 V and the two-step method adopted, the barrier layer of the film had domains with highly ordered hexagonal cell distribution, and the corresponding pores were straight. When the anodic voltage increased to 60 V, the barrier layer showed random cell distribution with an obvious difference in cell size and form, and the corresponding pores exhibited multi-branch features. When the anodic voltage increased further to 110 V, the barrier layer also showed a random cell distribution. Additionally, smaller protrusions connected to bigger cells were found, which can be correlated to the formation of branches with smaller diameters. Most of the branches of carbon tubes grown in the film anodized at 110 V have a saw-tooth like feature. X-Ray diffraction analysis shows that all the anodic films are amorphous, regardless of the anodic voltage. However, unoxidized aluminum particles in the film anodized at 110 V was observed by TEM
Ground-State Spaces of Frustration-Free Hamiltonians
We study the ground-state space properties for frustration-free Hamiltonians.
We introduce a concept of `reduced spaces' to characterize local structures of
ground-state spaces. For a many-body system, we characterize mathematical
structures for the set of all the -particle reduced spaces, which
with a binary operation called join forms a semilattice that can be interpreted
as an abstract convex structure. The smallest nonzero elements in ,
called atoms, are analogs of extreme points. We study the properties of atoms
in and discuss its relationship with ground states of -local
frustration-free Hamiltonians. For spin-1/2 systems, we show that all the atoms
in are unique ground states of some 2-local frustration-free
Hamiltonians. Moreover, we show that the elements in may not be the
join of atoms, indicating a richer structure for beyond the convex
structure. Our study of deepens the understanding of ground-state
space properties for frustration-free Hamiltonians, from a new angle of reduced
spaces.Comment: 23 pages, no figur
Caso edificio Space
The Space building was a residential complex located in the city of Medellín (Colombia), which was divided into six stages or towers. In the last stage of the project, tower six suffered a structural failure that caused its collapse, which led to the demolition of the other towers. The main issues discussed are related to the design of structures, columns, beams, and loads that a structure can withstand given the terrain and the materials used for construction. In addition, the study carried out by the Universidad de Los Andes, which was the main source of information in the investigation of the collapse and its aftermath, will be presented. This article will collect and show information on this case in the areas directly related to civil engineering and what happened to those involved in the project.El edificio Space fue un conjunto residencial ubicado en la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia), el cual se dividía en seis etapas o torres. En la última etapa del proyecto, la torres seis, sufrió una falla estructural que produjo el colapso de esta, y esto llevó a la demolición de las demás torres. Los problemas principales que se trataron están relacionados con el diseño de estructuras, columnas, vigas y cargas que puede soportar una estructura dadas las situaciones del terreno y los materiales utilizados para la construcción. Además, se dará a conocer el estudio realizado por la Universidad de Los Andes la cual fue la principal fuente de información en la investigación del colapso y posteriormente a este. El presente artículo recolectará y mostrará información de este caso en los ámbitos ligados directamente a la ingeniería civil y lo ocurrido con los implicados en el proyecto
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Mapping The Interstellar Medium With Near-Infrared Diffuse Interstellar Bands
We map the distribution and properties of the Milky Way's interstellar medium as traced by diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) detected in near-infrared stellar spectra from the SDSS-III/APOGEE survey. Focusing exclusively on the strongest DIB in the H band, at lambda similar to 1.527 mu m, we present a projected map of the DIB absorption field in the Galactic plane, using a set of about 60,000 sightlines that reach up to 15 kpc from the Sun and probe up to 30 mag of visual extinction. The strength of this DIB is linearly correlated with dust reddening over three orders of magnitude in both DIB equivalent width (Wpm) and extinction, with a power law index of 1.01 +/- 0.01, a mean relationship of W-DIB/A(v) = 0.1 angstrom mag(-1) and a dispersion of similar to 0.05 angstrom mag(-1) at extinctions characteristic of the Galactic midplane. These properties establish this DIB as a powerful, independent probe of dust extinction over a wide range of Av values. The subset of about 14,000 robustly detected DIB features have a W-DIB distribution that follows an exponential trend. We empirically determine the intrinsic rest wavelength of this transition to be lambda(0) = 15 272.42 angstrom and use it to calculate absolute radial velocities of the carrier, which display the kinematical signature of the rotating Galactic disk. We probe the DIB carrier distribution in three dimensions and show that it can be characterized by an exponential disk model with a scale height of about 100 pc and a scale length of about 5 kpc. Finally, we show that the DIB distribution also traces large-scale Galactic structures, including the Galactic long bar and the warp of the outer disk.NSF Astronomy & Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship AST-1203017NSF AST-1109665Alfred P. Sloan FoundationNational Science FoundationU.S. Department of Energy Office of ScienceUniversity of ArizonaBrazilian Participation GroupBrookhaven National LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCarnegie Mellon UniversityUniversity of FloridaFrench Participation GroupGerman Participation GroupHarvard UniversityInstituto de Astrofisica de CanariasMichigan State/Notre Dame/JINA Participation GroupJohns Hopkins UniversityLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryMax Planck Institute for AstrophysicsMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial PhysicsNew Mexico State UniversityNew York UniversityOhio State UniversityPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity of PortsmouthPrinceton UniversitySpanish Participation GroupUniversity of TokyoUniversity of UtahVanderbilt UniversityUniversity of VirginiaUniversity of WashingtonYale UniversitySpanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness AYA-2011-27754McDonald Observator
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