Terciarización e servizalización na innovación do sector agrario. Factores impulsores e efectos na sustentabilidade da gandería e da viticultura en Galicia

A demanda de servizos no sector agrario representa unha estratexia adaptativa das explotacións aos cambios institucionais e de mercado. A co-evolución das dinámicas do sector agroalimentario, os patróns sectoriais de innovación, os cambios na política pública e nas convencións alimentarias, así coma os cambios en organización, xunto coas mudanzas nas estruturas agrarias, impulsan unha crecente complexidade e especialización nos procesos produtivos das explotacións, que requiren do apoio de servizos diversos. As pautas de terciarización do sector agrario están en liña co réxime tecno-económico dominante, e difiren segundo a orientación e o sistema produtivo das explotacións. Os servizos tamén poden contribuír á mellora da sustentabilidade do sector agrario. A través da servizalización, as cooperativas agrarias contribúen á eco-eficiencia das explotacións. O uso compartido de recursos, o acceso a novas tecnoloxías e a coñecemento especializado son clave para a consecución de ganancias medioambientais, e van parellas á obtención de vantaxes económicas

LENTURA A Circular Economy Business Model Case

This report analyses one of the business case studies selected within the R2Pi Project: Lentura, an association of agro-ecological food growers located in Galicia, Spain. This study aims at obtaining a comprehensive knowledge of what an initiative based on a local and natural food supply implies in terms of circular business models. Lentura, whose origins date back more than a decade, has as its main goal to provide its customers with horticultural products, obtained through organic practices and marketed in proximity. In other words, the business model is based on growing natural food, free of synthetic chemicals, which is sold through proximity schemes that minimise the number of kilometres covered by the food products. For the latter, distribution is based on direct sales, around a geographical area that does not exceed 30 km between producers and consumers. This association is mainly characterized by organic farming practices. Taking this fact into account and the organic and proximate characteristics of its foodstuffs, Lentura's practices fit in well with a CEBM based on circular sourcing. However, Lentura also carries out activities that may be considered as co-product recovery, such as the utilization of animal excreta for fertilizing or reusing packaging employed in food deliveries. Concerning Lentura’s context, organic farming has been a growing market in Spain and Europe for more than a decade. Although the conventional food sector remains highly competitive, there is a growing demand for a natural and healthy diet, which visibly benefits Lentura’s model. Despite these developments, national and regional legislation does not benefit (or even hinder) the emergence and prosperity of organisations and activities like Lentura. They are characterised by very stringent hygiene requirements and production limitations. The assessment of the circularity of Lentura business model provides remarkable insights. The key aspects are related to the natural farming practices, to the organisation of activities in proximity (reducing the number of kilometres and making it possible for the products to be so natural) and to the take-back and reuse of packaging. These circular activities have given rise to a series of financial and non-financial benefits that range from cost and material savings through the reintegration of packaging, to the improvement of the farmers’ income and the sustainability of food products through the maintenance of proximity schemes. The close and highly relational environment generated by Lentura is the main strength of the organisation, together with the naturalness of its food products. However, the lack of flexibility that they impose on their proximity model leads to relevant problems in aspects such as the volume of supply. With regards to the environment, Lentura may be affected by the increasing competition from organic or eco-friendly products provided by conventional food suppliers. Moreover, this report also shows some potential opportunities for Lentura to go further in circularity and improve its business model, such as relaxing the criteria of proximity, intensifying its production or generating compost from food waste. Even despite the mentioned aspects, this is a circular model that is not difficult to replicate or transfer, since it is based on simple ideas and does not require large investments for its implementation. The critical point to overcome lies in the ability to coordinate a certain know-how together with the maintenance of customers who today have above-average levels of educational awareness on food-related topics. In short, the report shows how Lentura manages to create a small alternative food system with a high relational content, which is an interesting business model for a Circular Economy. Information flows simply and farmers are valued, while respecting to a large extent the natural cycles involved in farming processes. The conclusion section recommends to adapt the hygiene and marketing regulations in the area and to introduce measures to improve consumer’s food education in order to support more circular business models similar to Lentura case.This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 73037

Exploratory Data Analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis of Construction and Demolition Waste Management in the European Economic Area

This paper deals with the efficiency and sustainability of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) management in 30 Member States of the European Economic Area (EEA) (the 28 European Union countries plus Norway and Iceland) for the period 2010–2016 using Exploratory Data Analytics (EDA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The first stage of the proposed methodology is EDA with already available (the CDW recovery rate) and suggested indicators (e.g., building stock characterization, dwelling occupancy ratio, macroeconomic ratios and CDW breakdown) to characterize the efficiency and sustainability of CDW management. The second stage is to assess the efficiency of countries using DEA through two original CDW production models, one for sustainability, measuring the efficiency of the construction sector for reducing its CDW, and the second a model to score the efficiency of maximizing the CDW recovery rate. The main outcome of the paper is the proposed methodology, which is a candidate for replacing current indicators in order to evaluate the performance of CDW policy, due to is adaptive nature, promoting the continuous improvement and overcoming the limitations of the poor quality of metrics, data and parametric indicators. The methodology has been experimentally validated using Eurostat data for 30 Member States of EEA, ranking them according to the two DEA model scores, to point out the countries considered efficient among those of their scale, as a reference for sustainable and efficient practicesThis research was funded by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness of Spain, Project TIN2016-75845-P (AEI/FEDER/EU) and SNEO-20161147 (CDTI) and by Xunta de Galicia and FEDER funds of the EU (Centro de Investigación de Galicia accreditation 2019–2022, ref. ED431G2019/01, and Consolidation Programme of Competitive Reference Groups, ref. ED431C 2017/04)S

REVERTIA A Circular Economy Business Case

This report presents the results of the Revertia case study, selected in the framework of the R2PI project, among 17 other cases, because of its focus on an activity linked to priority areas of the Circular Economy, namely Plastics and Critical Raw Materials. The information contained in the report is based on the methodology designed within the framework of the R2PI project to understand the characteristics of the business model, evaluate its outcomes and identify the main barriers and enablers of the CEBM. Revertia is an authorised Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) manager that combines e-waste management services with a circular value proposal consisting in the preparation of IT equipment for reuse. The company responsibly manages an e-waste flow and, by applying secure reconditioning processes, is able to extend the service life of IT equipment that has been discarded. Refurbished equipment, with a 1-year warranty, are sold in second-hand markets or donated. The activity of preparation for reuse also involves the utilization, to the extent possible, of used and recycled components. In addition, the business model is based on efficient logistics, avoiding e-waste transportation when reconditioning is not an option. The value proposition is based on the provision of high added value services to corporate IT equipment users, who need to manage their WEEE responsibly. The value network is thus formed by the origin-customer that generates e-waste and the EEE manufacturers represented through collective schemes. Downstream there are the destination-customers of second-hand and donated products, as well as the WEEE recycling companies to which Revertia's own waste is destined. Revertia's business model is clearly influenced at the context level by the WEEE Directive 2012/19/EU and the Spanish RD 110/2015, which regulate the industry and set targets for reuse and recycling of WEEE. In addition, the market context given by the rapid technological change in the EEE sector, the collective schemes derived from the implementation of the EPR obligation, the maturity of the WEEE recycling industry, the existence of illegal scrap metal agents, and some socio-cultural aspects such as the lack of awareness of WEEE's environmental costs are factors that strongly affect Revertia's activity. The report also presents an assessment of the circularity of the business model. The model corresponds to the Re-make pattern among the CEBM defined in the R2PI project. Its circularity lies in extending the useful life of a product, also integrating used and recycled components as far as possible. Current circularity is limited, since it is not based on services added to this second-hand product, nor is the organisation further able to act on the products manufacture or end of life. Therefore, Revertia takes opportunity of a gap left by other players in the sector (EEE manufacturers). Therefore the business model is dependent on the generation of an e-waste flow as well as on sales of refurbished computers. With regards to the outcomes assessment, the main advantages of the business model are found in the non-financial aspects: reuse of IT equipment for the same use demonstrates clear environmental benefits compared to recycling. In addition, it also allows for greater local employment generation linked to the management and preparation for reuse activity. In the socio-economic area, second-hand products provide access to quality equipment at very affordable prices. The SWOT analysis shows that the main strengths are the long-lasting and stable relationships with the origin-customers, the know-how and expertise of Revertia. The weaknesses point to its dependence on the linear model, therefore, to being able to capture waste streams, in competition with the mature recycling industry. The opportunities lie in the Spanish regulatory framework, which sets targets for the reuse of WEEE, as well as a state of opinion more favourable to responsible and sustainable consumption; however, there are also clear threats to the model, such as the possible entry of more competitors and the lack of sensitivity of EEE manufacturers towards reuse. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the Re-make CEBM is replicable and transferable, especially as long as the linear economic paradigm is dominant. However, there are a number of business and policy recommendations that may support greater circularity: first, specific agreements with EEE manufacturers to extend circularity from the conception of EEE products until its final disposal after multiple lifetimes; second, at the policy level, tighter regulation, with inspection and sanction systems, incentives for eco-design and product life extension activities, transparent information and monitoring systems, as well as education and training measures are neededThis project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 73037

Genetic diversity of the Spanish apple genetic resources using SSRs

The Spanish Program of Plant Genetic Resources integrates, among others, the collections located at Public University of Navarre, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, Cabildos (Tenerife, La Palma and Gran Canaria), University of Lleida, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei-CSIC and CITA of Aragon. Those collections include mainly local cultivars from their respective regions, covering most of the Spanish apple-growing areas. Though some previous studies about the genetic variability of apple genetics resources from Spain were already performed, a complete analysis is needed in order to evaluate the complete diversity of Malus spp. in Spain. For doing that, the Spanish Government funded the project ¿Harmonization of the methodology of characterization, assessment of genetic diversity and definition of the core collection of the apple germplasm conserved in Spanish genebanks¿. In total, we have evaluated 1206 accessions using standardized methodologies, with SSR markers and morphological descriptors. SSR fingerprinting was performed with 13 SSR markers. SSR profiles were obtained independently and allele sizes were compared using a common set of cultivars selected as references. Results showed 601 genotypes for 1206 accessions. Most of the genotypes (438) were identified only in one accession. The other 163 genotypes were repeated in two to 81 accessions (involving 767 accessions in total). The harmonization of morphological descriptors will allow us to determine if the accessions with the same genotype are synonymies or closely related individuals. Results of this study highlight the interest of coordinated actions in order to optimize the management of germplasm collections and to evaluate the complete genetic diversity of Malus spp. in Spain.Peer Reviewe

Nutrición parenteral domiciliaria en España, 2019: informe del Grupo de Nutrición Artificial Domiciliaria y Ambulatoria NADYA

RESUMEN Objetivo: comunicar los datos de nutrición parenteral domiciliaria (NPD) obtenidos del registro del grupo NADYA-SENPE (www.nadyasenpe.com) del año 2019. Material y métodos: análisis descriptivo de los datos recogidos de pacientes adultos y pediátricos con NPD en el registro NADYA-SENPE desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2019. Resultados: se registraron 283 pacientes (51,9 %, mujeres), 31 niños y 252 adultos procedentes de 47 hospitales españoles, lo que representa una tasa de prevalencia de 6,01 pacientes/millón de habitantes/año 2019. El diagnóstico más frecuente en los adultos fue “oncológico paliativo” y “otros” (21,0 %). En los niños fue la enfermedad de Hirschsprung junto a la enterocolitis necrotizante, las alteraciones de la motilidad intestinal y la pseudoobstrucción intestinal crónica, con 4 casos cada uno (12,9 %). El primer motivo de indicación fue el síndrome del intestino corto tanto en los niños (51,6 %) como en los adultos (37,3 %). El tipo de catéter más utilizado fue el tunelizado tanto en los niños (75,9 %) como en los adultos (40,8 %). Finalizaron 68 episodios, todos en adultos: la causa más frecuente fue el fallecimiento (54,4 %). Pasaron a la vía oral el 38,2 %. Conclusiones: el número de centros y profesionales colaboradores con el registro NADYA va incrementándose. Se mantienen estables las principales indicaciones y los motivos de finalización de la NPD

Definición del núcleo optimizado de la colección de conservación del manzano español

5 Pags.- 1 Tabl.Este trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar la estrategia más adecuada para la selección del conjunto mínimo de accesiones (núcleo optimizado) que represente eficientemente la variación genética del manzano conservado en las colecciones españolas. Este núcleo optimizado mediante criterios genéticos constituirá la base de la colección nuclear de conservación, que podrá ser complementado con accesiones seleccionadas por otros criterios (morfo-fisiológicos, agronómicos, valor histórico, etc.). Se ha evaluado la eficiencia de estrategias de selección por búsqueda local estocástica avanzada (ASLS) que diferían tanto por el tamaño final del núcleo como por la combinación (y peso relativo) de las medidas de distancia genética y riqueza alélica a optimizar. Las estrategias empleadas han proporcionado núcleos optimizados con grandes diferencias en la diversidad conservada, así como en el nivel de representación de la estructura genética general. Teniendo en cuenta el uso principal de la colección nuclear, la estrategia que ofrece un mejor equilibrio entre representatividad y adecuación al uso es la que combina la optimización de la distancia media entre cada accesión de la colección y la entrada en el núcleo más cercana con el índice de Shannon y la recuperación de alelos.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por los proyectos INIA RF2011-00017-C05-00 y RTA2015-00052-C02-00Peer reviewe

Development of a standardized methodology for phenotypical characterizations in apple

4 Pags.- 2 Tabls. Articles derived from XIV EUCARPIA Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics (Bologna,Italy. June 14-18 2015) . The definitive version is available at: http://www.actahort.org/index.htmThe description of phenotypic traits in apple cultivars is generally performed using internationally agreed descriptors such as UPOV guidelines, which defines for each trait several states of expression. However, it is not always possible to classify a cultivar unambiguously using those guidelines, because in practice the states are not clearly enough defined or the example cultivars are not always available in the collections. This work presents the results of a harmonization project performed by the teams responsible of the main apple germplasm collections in Spain. The objective was to develop a standardized method for the 57 traits included in the TG/14/9 UPOV guidelines for apple characterization, defining their states of expression in a clear and unambiguous way for Spanish germplasm. Phenotypic data collected for more than 1,600 accessions from Spanish collections were used and the method to define each state depended on the type of expression. For quantitative traits the number of states and their limits were defined according to the variability that exists within and between accessions. For qualitative traits, high-resolution images clearly depicting each state were selected. A standardized characterization protocol for the 57 traits of apple germplasm has been provided, enabling to comparing properly the phenotypes of Spanish genetic resources.This Project has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (RF2011- 00017-C05-00).Peer reviewe

Development of a standardized methodology for phenotypical characterizations in apple

1 pag.This work presents the results of a harmonization project performed by the teams responsible of the main apple germplasm collections in Spain. The objective was to develop a standardized method for the 57 traits included in the TG/14/9 UPOV guidelines for apple characterization, defining their states of expression in a clear and unambiguous way for Spanish germplasm.Peer reviewe