Riboflavin induces Metarhizium spp. to produce conidia with elevated tolerance to UV-B, and upregulates photolyases, laccases and polyketide synthases genes

Aims: The effect of nutritional supplementation of two Metarhizium species with riboflavin (Rb) during production of conidia was evaluated on (i) conidial tolerance (based on germination) to UV-B radiation and on (ii) conidial expression following UV-B irradiation, of enzymes known to be active in photoreactivation, viz., photolyase (Phr), laccase (Lac) and polyketide synthase (Pks). Methods and Results: Metarhizium acridum (ARSEF 324) and Metarhizium robertsii (ARSEF 2575) were grown either on (i) potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), (ii) PDA supplemented with 1% yeast extract (PDAY), (iii) PDA supplemented with Rb (PDA+Rb), or (iv) PDAY supplemented with Rb (PDAY+Rb). Resulting conidia were exposed to 866·7 mW m−2 of UV-B Quaite-weighted irradiance to total doses of 3·9 or 6·24 kJ m−2. Some conidia also were exposed to 16 klux of white light (WL) after being irradiated, or not, with UV-B to investigate the role of possible photoreactivation. Relative germination of conidia produced on PDA+Rb (regardless Rb concentration) or on PDAY and exposed to UV-B was higher compared to conidia cultivated on PDA without Rb supplement, or to conidia suspended in Rb solution immediately prior to UV-B exposure. The expression of MaLac3 and MaPks2 for M. acridum, as well as MrPhr2, MrLac1, MrLac2 and MrLac3 for M. robertsii was higher when the isolates were cultivated on PDA+Rb and exposed to UV-B followed by exposure to WL, or exposed to WL only. Conclusions: Rb in culture medium increases the UV-B tolerance of M. robertsii and M. acridum conidia, and which may be related to increased expression of Phr, Lac and Pks genes in these conidia. Significance and Impact of the Study: The enhanced UV-B tolerance of Metarhizium spp. conidia produced on Rb-enriched media may improve the effectiveness of these fungi in biological control programs.Fil: Pereira-Junior, R.A.. Universidade Federal de Goiás; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner"; ArgentinaFil: Huarte Bonnet, Carla. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner"; Argentina. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Paixão, F.R.S.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner"; Argentina. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Roberts, D.W.. State University of Utah; Estados UnidosFil: Luz, C.. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Pedrini, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata "Prof. Dr. Rodolfo R. Brenner"; ArgentinaFil: Fernandes, É.K.K.. Universidade Federal de Goiás; Brasi

Riboflavin induces Metarhizium spp. to produce conidia with elevated tolerance to UV-B, and upregulates photolyases, laccases and polyketide synthases genes

Aims: The effect of nutritional supplementation of two Metarhizium species with riboflavin (Rb) during production of conidia was evaluated on (i) conidial tolerance (based on germination) to UV-B radiation and on (ii) conidial expression following UV-B irradiation, of enzymes known to be active in photoreactivation, viz., photolyase (Phr), laccase (Lac) and polyketide synthase (Pks). Methods and Results: Metarhizium acridum (ARSEF 324) and Metarhizium robertsii (ARSEF 2575) were grown either on (i) potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), (ii) PDA supplemented with 1% yeast extract (PDAY), (iii) PDA supplemented with Rb (PDA+Rb), or (iv) PDAY supplemented with Rb (PDAY+Rb). Resulting conidia were exposed to 866·7 mW m−2 of UV-B Quaite-weighted irradiance to total doses of 3·9 or 6·24 kJ m−2. Some conidia also were exposed to 16 klux of white light (WL) after being irradiated, or not, with UV-B to investigate the role of possible photoreactivation. Relative germination of conidia produced on PDA+Rb (regardless Rb concentration) or on PDAY and exposed to UV-B was higher compared to conidia cultivated on PDA without Rb supplement, or to conidia suspended in Rb solution immediately prior to UV-B exposure. The expression of MaLac3 and MaPks2 for M. acridum, as well as MrPhr2, MrLac1, MrLac2 and MrLac3 for M. robertsii was higher when the isolates were cultivated on PDA+Rb and exposed to UV-B followed by exposure to WL, or exposed to WL only. Conclusions: Rb in culture medium increases the UV-B tolerance of M. robertsii and M. acridum conidia, and which may be related to increased expression of Phr, Lac and Pks genes in these conidia. Significance and Impact of the Study: The enhanced UV-B tolerance of Metarhizium spp. conidia produced on Rb-enriched media may improve the effectiveness of these fungi in biological control programs.Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plat

EEG spike source localization before and after surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy: a BOLD EEG-fMRI and independent component analysis study

Simultaneous measurements of EEG-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) combine the high temporal resolution of EEG with the distinctive spatial resolution of fMRI. The purpose of this EEG-fMRI study was to search for hemodynamic responses (blood oxygen level-dependent - BOLD responses) associated with interictal activity in a case of right mesial temporal lobe epilepsy before and after a successful selective amygdalohippocampectomy. Therefore, the study found the epileptogenic source by this noninvasive imaging technique and compared the results after removing the atrophied hippocampus. Additionally, the present study investigated the effectiveness of two different ways of localizing epileptiform spike sources, i.e., BOLD contrast and independent component analysis dipole model, by comparing their respective outcomes to the resected epileptogenic region. Our findings suggested a right hippocampus induction of the large interictal activity in the left hemisphere. Although almost a quarter of the dipoles were found near the right hippocampus region, dipole modeling resulted in a widespread distribution, making EEG analysis too weak to precisely determine by itself the source localization even by a sophisticated method of analysis such as independent component analysis. On the other hand, the combined EEG-fMRI technique made it possible to highlight the epileptogenic foci quite efficiently.58258

Neural Correlates Of Lexical-semantic Memory: A Voxel-based Morphometry Study In Mild Ad, Amci And Normal Aging [correlatos Neurais Da Memória Lexical-semântica: Um Estudo De Morfometria Baseada Em Voxel Na Doença De Alzheimer, Comprometimento Cognitivo Leve Amnéstico E Envelhecimento Normal]

Neuroanatomical correlations of naming and lexical-semantic memory are not yet fully understood. The most influential approaches share the view that semantic representations reflect the manner in which information has been acquired through perception and action, and that each brain area processes different modalities of semantic representations. Despite these anatomical differences in semantic processing, generalization across different features that have similar semantic significance is one of the main characteristics of human cognition. Methods: We evaluated the brain regions related to naming, and to the semantic generalization, of visually presented drawings of objects from the Boston Naming Test (BNT), which comprises different categories, such as animals, vegetables, tools, food, and furniture. In order to create a model of lesion method, a sample of 48 subjects presenting with a continuous decline both in cognitive functions, including naming skills, and in grey matter density (GMD) was compared to normal young adults with normal aging, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). Semantic errors on the BNT, as well as naming performance, were correlated with whole brain GMD as measured by voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Results: The areas most strongly related to naming and to semantic errors were the medial temporal structures, thalami, superior and inferior temporal gyri, especially their anterior parts, as well as prefrontal cortices (inferior and superior frontal gyri). Conclusion: The possible role of each of these areas in the lexical-semantic networks was discussed, along with their contribution to the models of semantic memory organization.526977Luria, A.R., (1986) The Word and Its Semantic Structure. 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EEG spike source localization before and after surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy: a BOLD EEG-fMRI and independent component analysis study

Simultaneous measurements of EEG-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) combine the high temporal resolution of EEG with the distinctive spatial resolution of fMRI. The purpose of this EEG-fMRI study was to search for hemodynamic responses (blood oxygen level-dependent - BOLD responses) associated with interictal activity in a case of right mesial temporal lobe epilepsy before and after a successful selective amygdalohippocampectomy. Therefore, the study found the epileptogenic source by this noninvasive imaging technique and compared the results after removing the atrophied hippocampus. Additionally, the present study investigated the effectiveness of two different ways of localizing epileptiform spike sources, i.e., BOLD contrast and independent component analysis dipole model, by comparing their respective outcomes to the resected epileptogenic region. Our findings suggested a right hippocampus induction of the large interictal activity in the left hemisphere. Although almost a quarter of the dipoles were found near the right hippocampus region, dipole modeling resulted in a widespread distribution, making EEG analysis too weak to precisely determine by itself the source localization even by a sophisticated method of analysis such as independent component analysis. On the other hand, the combined EEG-fMRI technique made it possible to highlight the epileptogenic foci quite efficiently

Eeg Spike Source Localization Before And After Surgery For Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Bold Eeg-fmri And Independentcomponent Analysis Study

Simultaneous measurements of EEG-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) combine the high temporal resolution of EEG with the distinctive spatial resolution of fMRI. The purpose of this EEG-fMRI study was to search for hemodynamic responses (blood oxygen level-dependent - BOLD responses) associated with interictal activity in a case of right mesial temporal lobe epilepsy before and after a successful selective amygdalohippocampectomy. Therefore, the study found the epileptogenic source by this noninvasive imaging technique and compared the results after removing the atrophied hippocampus. Additionally, the present study investigated the effectiveness of two different ways of localizing epileptiform spike sources, i.e., BOLD contrast and independent component analysis dipole model, by comparing their respective outcomes to the resected epileptogenic region. Our findings suggested a right hippocampus induction of the large interictal activity in the left hemisphere. Although almost a quarter of the dipoles were found near the right hippocampus region, dipole modeling resulted in a widespread distribution, making EEG analysis too weak to precisely determine by itself the source localization even by a sophisticated method of analysis such as independent component analysis. On the other hand, the combined EEG-fMRI technique made it possible to highlight the epileptogenic foci quite efficiently.426582587Engel Jr., J., Introduction to temporal lobe epilepsy (1996) Epilepsy Res, 26, pp. 141-150Ives, J.R., Warach, S., Schmitt, F., Edelman, R.R., Schomer, D.L., Monitoring the patient's EEG during echo planar MRI (1993) Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 87, pp. 417-420Allen, P.J., Josephs, O., Turner, R., A method for removing imaging artifact from continuous EEG recorded during functional MRI (2000) Neuroimage, 12, pp. 230-239Ritter, P., Villringer, A., Simultaneous EEG-fMRI (2006) Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 30, pp. 823-838Zijlmans, M., Huiskamp, G., Hersevoort, M., Seppenwoolde, J.H., van Huffelen, A.C., Leijten, F.S., EEG-fMRI in the preoperative work-up for epilepsy surgery (2007) Brain, 130, pp. 2343-2353Lemieux, L., Krakow, K., Fish, D.R., Comparison of spike-triggered functional MRI BOLD activation and EEG dipole model localization (2001) Neuroimage, 14, pp. 1097-1104Bagshaw, A.P., Kobayashi, E., Dubeau, F., Pike, G.B., Gotman, J., Correspondence between EEG-fMRI and EEG dipole localisation of interictal discharges in focal epilepsy (2006) Neuroimage, 30, pp. 417-425Belliveau, J.W., Rosen, B.R., Kantor, H.L., Rzedzian, R.R., Kennedy, D.N., McKinstry, R.C., Functional cerebral imaging by susceptibility-contrast NMR (1990) Magn Reson Med, 14, pp. 538-546Ogawa, S., Lee, T.M., Kay, A.R., Tank, D.W., Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 87, pp. 9868-9872Delorme, A., Makeig, S., EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis (2004) J Neurosci Methods, 134, pp. 9-21Plummer, C., Harvey, A.S., Cook, M., EEG source localization in focal epilepsy: Where are we now? (2008) Epilepsia, 49, pp. 201-218Leal, A.J., Dias, A.I., Vieira, J.P., Analysis of the EEG dynamics of epileptic activity in gelastic seizures using decomposition in independent components (2006) Clin Neurophysiol, 117, pp. 1595-1601Kobayashi, E., Bagshaw, A.P., Benar, C.G., Aghakhani, Y., Andermann, F., Dubeau, F., Temporal and extratemporal BOLD responses to temporal lobe interictal spikes (2006) Epilepsia, 47, pp. 343-354Mintzer, S., Cendes, F., Soss, J., Andermann, F., Engel Jr, J., Dubeau, F., Unilateral hippocampal sclerosis with contralateral temporal scalp ictal onset (2004) Epilepsia, 45, pp. 792-80

White And Grey Matter Abnormalities In Patients With Spg11 Mutations

Background: Mutations in SPG11 are the most frequent known cause of autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia. Corpus callosum thinning is a hallmark of the condition but little is known about damage to other structures in the CNS. Objective: To evaluate in vivo cerebral damage in patients with SPG11 mutations. Methods: 5 patients and 15 age and sex matched healthy controls underwent high resolution diffusion tensor imaging (32 directions) and a T1 volumetric (1 mm slices) acquisition protocol in a 3 T scanner (Philips Achieva). These sequences were then analysed through voxel based morphometry (VBM) and tract based spatial statistics (TBSS). Results: Mean age of the patients was 23.664.5 years (range 14-45) and mean duration of disease was 12 years (range 5-15). All patients presented with progressive spastic paraplegia and three were already wheelchair bound when first evaluated. Mutations found were: c.529-533delATATT, c.704-705delAT, c.733-734delAT, c.118C>T and c.7256A>G. VBM identified significant grey matter atrophy in both the thalamus and lentiform nuclei. TBSS analyses revealed reduced fractional anisotropy involving symmetrically subcortical white matter of the temporal and frontal lobes, the cingulated gyrus, cuneus, striatum, corpus callosum and brainstem. Conclusions: Widespread white matter damage in patients with SPG11 mutations has been demonstrated. Grey matter atrophy was prominent in both the thalamus and basal ganglia but not in the cerebral cortex. These findings suggest that neuronal damage/dysfunction is more widespread than previously recognised in this condition.838828833Salinas, S., Proukakis, C., Crosby, A., Hereditary spastic paraplegia: Clinical features and pathogenetic mechanisms (2008) Lancet Neurol, 7, pp. 1127-1138Słabicki, M., Theis, M., Krastev, D.B., A genome-scale DNA repair RNAi screen identifies SPG48 as a novel gene associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia (2010) PLoS Biol, 8, pp. e1000408Stevanin, G., Santorelli, F.M., Azzedine, H., Mutations in SPG11, encoding spatacsin, are a major cause of spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum (2007) Nat Genet, 39, pp. 366-372Hehr, U., Bauer, P., Winner, B., Long-term course and mutational spectrum of spatacsin-linked spastic paraplegia (2007) Ann Neurol, 62, pp. 656-665Anheim, M., Lagier-Tourenne, C., Stevanin, G., SPG11 spastic paraplegia. A new cause of juvenile parkinsonism (2009) J Neurol, 256, pp. 104-108Orlacchio, A., Babalini, C., Borreca, A., SPATACSIN mutations cause autosomal recessive juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2010) Brain, 133, pp. 591-598Ashburner, J., Friston, K.J., Voxel-based morphometry - The methods (2000) Neuroimage, 11, pp. 805-821Le Bihan, D., Mangin, J.F., Poupon, C., Diffusion tensor imaging: Concepts and applications (2001) J Magn Reson Imaging, 13, pp. 534-546Walterfang, M., Fahey, M., Desmond, P., White and grey matter alterations in adults with Niemann-Pick disease type C: A cross-sectional study (2010) Neurology, 75, pp. 49-56Alcauter, S., Barrios, F.A., Díaz, R., Gray and white matter alterations in spinocerebellar ataxia type 7: An in vivo DTI and VBM study (2011) Neuroimage, 55, pp. 1-7Schüle, R., Holland-Letz, T., Klimpe, S., The Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale (SPRS): A reliable and valid measure of disease severity (2006) Neurology, 67, pp. 430-434Yasuda, C.L., Betting, L.E., Cendes, F., Voxel-based morphometry and epilepsy (2010) Expert Rev Neurother, 10, pp. 975-984Smith, S.M., Jenkinson, M., Woolrich, M.W., Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL (2004) Neuroimage, 23 (SUPPL. 1), pp. S208-S219Smith, S.M., Jenkinson, M., Johansen-Berg, H., Tract-based spatial statistics: Voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data (2006) Neuroimage, 31, pp. 1487-1505Stevanin, G., Azzedine, H., Denora, P., Mutations in SPG11 are frequent in autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum, cognitive decline and lower motor neuron degeneration (2008) Brain, 131, pp. 772-784. , SPATAX consortiumPaisan-Ruiz, C., Dogu, O., Yilmaz, A., SPG11 mutations are common in familial cases of complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia (2008) Neurology, 70, pp. 1384-1389Nakamura, A., Izumi, K., Umehara, F., Familial spastic paraplegia with mental impairment and thin corpus callosum (1995) J Neurol Sci, 131, pp. 35-42Denora, P.S., Schlesinger, D., Casali, C., Screening of ARHSP-TCC patients expands the spectrum of SPG11 mutations and includes a large scale gene deletion (2009) Hum Mutat, 30, pp. E500-E519Alvarez-Linera, J., 3T MRI: Advances in brain imaging (2008) Eur J Radiol, 67, pp. 415-426Ashburner, J., A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm (2007) Neuroimage, 38, pp. 95-113Chen, Q., Lui, S., Wang, J.G., Diffusion tensor imaging of two unrelated Chinese men with hereditary spastic paraplegia associated with thin corpus callosum (2008) Neurosci Lett, 441, pp. 21-24Southgate, L., Dafou, D., Hoyle, J., Novel SPG11 mutations in Asian kindreds and disruption of spatacsin function in the zebrafish (2010) Neurogenetics, 11, pp. 379-389Song, S.K., Sun, S.W., Ju, W.K., Diffusion tensor imaging detects and differentiates axon and myelin degeneration in mouse optic nerve after retinal ischemia (2003) Neuroimage, 20, pp. 1714-1722Song, S.K., Yoshino, J., Le, T.Q., Demyelination increases radial diffusivity in corpus callosum of mouse brain (2005) Neuroimage, 26, pp. 132-140França Jr., M.C., D'Abreu, A., Maurer-Morelli, C.V., Prospective neuroimaging study in hereditary spastic paraplegia with thin corpus callosum (2007) Mov Disord, 22, pp. 1556-156

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms In Alzheimer's Disease Are Related To Functional Connectivity Alterations In The Salience Network

Neuropsychiatric syndromes are highly prevalent in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their neurobiology is not completely understood. New methods in functional magnetic resonance imaging, such as intrinsic functional connectivity or "resting-state" analysis, may help to clarify this issue. Using such approaches, alterations in the default-mode and salience networks (SNs) have been described in Alzheimer's, although their relationship with specific symptoms remains unclear. We therefore carried out resting-state functional connectivity analysis with 20 patients with mild to moderate AD, and correlated their scores on neuropsychiatric inventory syndromes (apathy, hyperactivity, affective syndrome, and psychosis) with maps of connectivity in the default mode network and SN. In addition, we compared network connectivity in these patients with that in 17 healthy elderly control subjects. All analyses were controlled for gray matter density and other potential confounds. Alzheimer's patients showed increased functional connectivity within the SN compared with controls (right anterior cingulate cortex and left medial frontal gyrus), along with reduced functional connectivity in the default-mode network (bilateral precuneus). A correlation between increased connectivity in anterior cingulate cortex and right insula areas of the SN and hyperactivity syndrome (agitation, irritability, aberrant motor behavior, euphoria, and disinhibition) was found. These findings demonstrate an association between specific network changes in AD and particular neuropsychiatric symptom types. This underlines the potential clinical significance of resting state alterations in future diagnosis and therapy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.35412371246Aalten, P., Verhey, F.R., Boziki, M., Bullock, R., Byrne, E.J., Camus, V., Caputo, M., Robert, P.H., Neuropsychiatric syndromes in dementia. 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Intercomparison of burned area products and its implication for carbon emission estimations in the amazon

Carbon (C) emissions from forest fires in the Amazon during extreme droughts may correspond to more than half of the global emissions resulting from land cover changes. Despite their relevant contribution, forest fire-related C emissions are not directly accounted for within national-level inventories or carbon budgets. A fundamental condition for quantifying these emissions is to have a reliable estimation of the extent and location of land cover types affected by fires. Here, we evaluated the relative performance of four burned area products (TREES, MCD64A1 c6, GABAM, and Fire_cci v5.0), contrasting their estimates of total burned area, and their influence on the fire-related C emissions in the Amazon biome for the year 2015. In addition, we distinguished the burned areas occurring in forests from non-forest areas. The four products presented great divergence in the total burned area and, consequently, total related C emissions. Globally, the TREES product detected the largest amount of burned area (35,559 km2 ), and consequently it presented the largest estimate of committed carbon emission (45 Tg), followed by MCD64A1, with only 3% less burned area detected, GABAM (28,193 km2 ) and Fire_cci (14,924 km2 ). The use of Fire_cci may result in an underestimation of 29.54 ± 3.36 Tg of C emissions in relation to the TREES product. The same pattern was found for non-forest areas. Considering only forest burned areas, GABAM was the product that detected the largest area (8994 km2 ), followed by TREES (7985 km2 ), MCD64A1 (7181 km2) and Fire_cci (1745 km2 ). Regionally, Fire_cci detected 98% less burned area in Acre state in southwest Amazonia than TREES, and approximately 160 times less burned area in forests than GABAM. Thus, we show that global products used interchangeably on a regional scale could significantly underestimate the impacts caused by fire and, consequently, their related carbon emissions. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland