The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in dentistry : application in the municipality of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Pereira, Glaucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano, Carlos Alberto VettorazziTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: O presente estudo é composto por 2 artigos, tendo como principal objetivo avaliar o perfil de distribuição dos principais problemas bucais e suas associações com áreas de privação social em dois níveis, individual e contextual (territorial), por meio de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) e análises Multiníveis. A amostra probabilística por conglomerados foi composta por 1002 escolares de 12 anos provenientes de 25 escolas públicas e privadas de Piracicaba, SP, em 2005-2006. Os exames foram realizados por um único examinador previamente calibrado, no pátio das escolas, sob luz natural, com os escolares sentados nas cadeiras e com escovação supervisionada realizada por THD, utilizando-se sonda periodontal (CPI) e espelho bucal plano, seguindo as recomendações da OMS. Um questionário semi-estruturado foi enviado aos pais para a obtenção das informações socioeconômicas e comportamentais individuais (primeiro nível). As variáveis contextuais "porcentagem de chefes de família sem renda e porcentagem de chefes de família analfabetos" foram usadas no nível contextual (segundo nível). Um SIG foi elaborado para a construção de mapas de distribuição das condições bucais, utilizando-se o software ArcView. Artigo 1: Os índices CPOD e o Índice de Cuidados (IC) foram considerados como desfechos. No nível individual, escolares com menor renda familiar mensal (OR=1,8;IC=1,0-3,6), maior número de pessoas morando na mesma casa (OR=1,4;IC=1,0-1,8), menos visitas ao dentista (OR=1,8;IC=1,3-2,4), menor nível educacional do pai (OR= 1,67;IC=1-3,33) e da mãe (OR=1,67;IC=1.1-1,25) tiveram mais chance de apresentar um CPOD maior. Indivíduos com maior renda familiar (OR=3.9,IC=0,84-17,9) e com mais visitas ao dentista (OR=4,7;IC=2,9-7,7) apresentaram um melhor IC. No nível contextual, áreas com maior privação social não foram associadas aos índices CPOD e IC, entretanto, é possível visualizar por meio dos mapas que os bairros centrais possuem melhores condições sociais e bucais que os bairros periféricos. No nível individual, as variáveis sociais foram relacionadas a uma maior prevalência da doença, contudo, esta relação não pôde ser observada em nível territorial. Artigo 2: Foram avaliadas as lesões iniciais não cavitadas (manchas brancas) e o Índice Periodontal Comunitário foi incluído. Foi possível observar por meio dos dados obtidos nas diferentes análises que as variáveis sociais, econômicas e comportamentais foram associadas aos níveis dos problemas bucais no primeiro nível, podendo ser visualmente distinguidas nos mapas, apresentando uma melhor tendência de saúde bucal (menores escores de machas brancas e sangramento gengival) nas regiões centrais, consideradas como privilegiadas. Entretanto, no segundo nível (contextual) da análise multinível, somente a porcentagem de chefes de família analfabetos foi significante em ambos desfechos, enquanto a variável renda não foi significativa em relação a estes problemas bucais. O presente estudo confirma um melhor status de saúde bucal para escolares provenientes de famílias privilegiadas, mas não confirma os dados em relação à variável dos bairros renda (chefes de família sem renda). Os indivíduos vindos de áreas de chefes de família sem renda não são associados a uma maior prevalência de problemas bucais, sugerindo que estes estão relativamente protegidos do impacto da privação social, devido às ações de saúde bucal dos serviços públicos do município.Abstract: The present study was composed by 2 articles which aims were evaluate the distribution profile of oral health problems and its associations with areas of social deprivation at two levels, individual and contextual, by means of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and multilevel analysis. The cluster sample consisted of 1002 12-year-old schoolchildren attending 25 public and private schools in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil in 2005-06. The examinations were carried out by a single calibrated examiner in outdoor settings, under natural light, using mirror and ball point probe. The examinations were executed after tooth-brushing and followed the recommendations of WHO. A semi-structured questionnaire was sent to the parents to collect information on socioeconomic level and behavior variables related to dental health (first level). The contexts variables "the percentage of heads of families without income" and "the percentage of illiterate heads of families" were used in the contextual level (second level). A GIS was elaborated for mapping the distribution of the oral health condition, using the ArcView software Article 1: The DMFT and Care Index (CI) were considered as dependent variables. At individual level, students with lower income (OR=1.8; CI=1.0-3.6), more people living in the household (OR=1.4;CI=1.0-1.8), lower visits to the dentist (OR=1.8;CI=1.3-2.4), lower father's (OR=1.7;CI=1.0-3.3) and mother's (OR=1.7;CI=1.0-3.3) educational level were more likely to present a higher DMFT. The individuals with higher income (OR=3.9; CI=0.8-17.9) and more visits to the dentist (OR=4.7;CI=2.9-7.7) showed best Care Index. At conglomerate level, areas with social deprivation were not associated with the DMFT and the CI indexes, however, by means of the maps, it is possible to visualize that the central districts have the best social and oral conditions than the outlying deprived districts. At individual level, social and economic variables were associated with a higher prevalence of the disease, however, this relationship was not observed at territorial level. Article 2 Initials lesions and Community Periodontal Index were included. Variables can be visually distinguished in the maps, which show a upward tendency of oral health (less scores of initials lesions and gingival bleeding) in the central regions of the city, that are recognized as a privileged area. However, in the second level (contextual level) of the multilevel analysis, only the percentage of illiterate heads of families was statistically significant associated to both outcomes, while the variable "income" was not associated to these oral health problems. The individuals from areas where the heads of family do not have income were not associated to a higher prevalence of oral health problems. This fact suggests that these individuals are reasonably protected of the impact of the social deprivation due to the actions of the health public services of the municipality regarding prevention and treatment of the oral health problems.DoutoradoSaude ColetivaDoutor em Odontologi

FTIR-ATR studies on polymer/polymer and polymer/liquid interfaces.

Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) has been employed to study polymer laminates composed of poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) using different base layer thicknesses and different angles of incidence on a ZnSe substrate. By varying the "barrier" layer of PMMA it has been confirmed that different effective penetration depths into the PVOH are achieved, in very good agreement with the calculated electric field as a function of distance away from the substrate surface. These results show that the two-layered model system can be successfully employed to provide a semi-quantitative depth profile of the laminate. Following the FTIR-ATR study on polymer/polymer interface we have demonstrated how the evanescent field absorption from a IR beam can also be used to monitor in situ the molecular interaction at polymer/liquid interfaces. The chosen system was a series of sulphonated polyethersulphones (SPES) and water. The v(_s)(SO(_3)) and V(_a)(SO(_3)) vibrational modes were monitored as the degree of hydration was varied. It has been found that the v(_3)(SO(_3)) mode increases with hydration suggesting that, with hydration the sulphonic acid groups of SPES are dissociated into SO(_3) ions. It has been found that changes also occur in the benzene ring vibrational band that are dependent on the degree of hydration. Spectral subtraction has been employed to highlight changes in the V(_a)(SO(_3)) mode which were not readily observed in the raw spectra due to overlapping bands. The particular behaviour of V(OH) vibrational mode of water molecules has also been analysed. The main conclusion in this case was that the average hydrogen bond strength of the sorbed water is considerable lower than that in pure water. This would favour an efficient flux of water through the membrane. A method based on monitoring the time dependent change in the v(OH) mode of water has been developed to calculate the diffusion of water on SPES membranes. After reaching a steady state, the normalised absorbance plot versus time has been used for numerical evaluation. Two models have been developed, one for Fickian diffusion and another for the dual sorption mode. The experimental results show a much better agreement for the second model. The diffusion coefficient values have been calculated for different samples and interesting variations of the diffusion coefficient as a function of sulphonation level, solvent and film thickness have been analysed in detail

Epidemiology of dental caries in 12-year-old schoolchildren in Piracicaba: estimates and risk indicators

Orientador: Antonio Carlos PereiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: O presente estudo, composto por 3 artigos teve como objetivos: a) analisar as desigualdades na distribuição da cárie e os indicadores de risco associados a este fato; b) descrever a experiência de cárie em escolares de 12 anos e sua relação com variáveis socioeconômicas, comportamentais e de acesso aos serviços; c) verificar a representatividade de cada dente permanente no índice CPOD. A amostra probabilística foi composta por 824 escolares provenientes de escolas públicas e privadas de Piracicaba em 2001 e 939 escolares em 2005. Os exames foram realizados por dois examinadores previamente calibrados, no pátio das escolas, sob luz natural, com os escolares sentados nas cadeiras e com escovação supervisionada realizada por THD, utilizando-se sonda periodontal (CPI) e espelho bucal plano, seguindo as recomendações da OMS. Os índices CPOD, Índice de Cuidados (Care Index) e o índice SiC (Significant Caries Index ¿grupo polarizado) foram utilizados. Um questionário semi-estruturado foi enviado aos pais para a obtenção das informações socioeconômicas e comportamentais. a) O CPOD foi de 1,7 (dp = 2,07), o índice SiC foi de 4,15 (dp=1,65) e o índice de cuidados 57,0%, em 2001. b) Para o levantamento de 2005 o CPOD e o Índice SiC foram 1,32 (dp=1,96) e 3,52 (1,86), respectivamente, e o Índice de Cuidados foi de 75,0%. Variáveis socioeconômicas e comportamentais foram indicadores de risco para a cárie não apenas para toda a amostra como também para o grupo polarizado. c) A distribuição do índice CPOD (freqüências relativa e absoluta) foi calculada em função de cada dente permanente. A média e o desvio padrão foram calculados considerando todos os dentes (CPOD¿real) e os dentes mais afetados (CPOD¿parcial). Por meio de análise de regressão, os dados do levantamento de 2005 foram utilizados para estimar modelos de regressão, em função dos dentes mais afetados. Para a validação dos modelos foi utilizado o levantamento realizado em 2001. Por meio apenas do status dos primeiros molares foi possível estimar em 82% e 81,5% o CPOD-real em 2001 e 2005, respectivamente. Por meio das equações de regressão (utilizando os dentes mais afetados) foi possível estimar o CPOD em 98,2%. As superfícies oclusais foram as mais atacadas (60,4%), seguidas pelas superfícies vestibulares e depois pelas distais. Estes dados refletem que o status dos primeiros molares é determinante para a estimativa do índice CPOD, demonstrando a suscetibilidade destes dentes à cárie na idade de 12 anosAbstract: The present study was composed by 3 articles which aims were: a) to evaluate the inequalities of caries distribution in schoolchildren and the risk indicators related to them; b) to describe the caries experience of 12-year-old schoolchildren from public and private schools and to verify the relationship between the disease and socioeconomic, behavioral and oral health variables; c) to determine the representativeness of each permanent teeth in the DMFT. The sample was randomized and composed by 1763 individuals from public and private schools in Piracicaba - SP/Brazil, in 2005 (n=939) and in 2001 (n=824). The examinations were carried out by two calibrated dentists in outdoor settings, under natural light, using mirror and ball point probe. The examinations were executed after tooth-brushing and followed the recommendations of WHO. A semi-structured questionnaire was sent to the parents to collect information on socioeconomic level and behavior variables related to dental health. a) In 2001, the DMFT and SiC (Significant Caries Index ¿ polarized group) were 1.7 (SD=2.07) and 4.15 (SD=1.65), and the Care Index was 57.0%. b) The DMFT and the SiC Index were 1.32 (SD=1.92) and 3.50 (SD=1.86), respectively, and the Care Index was 75.0% in 2005. The socioeconomic and the behavioral variables related to dental health were considered risk indicators for caries in permanent dentition not only for the entire sample, but also for the polarization group. c) The DMFT distribution (absolute and relative frequencies) was calculated in function of each permanent tooth. The mean and standard deviation were determined for all teeth (DMFT¿real) as well as for the most affected teeth (DMFT¿partial). Regression models were estimated in function of the most affected teeth using the data collected in 2005 and they were validated using the data collected in 2001. By the status of the first molars, the DMFT ¿ partial could be estimated in 82% and 81.5% in 2001 and 2005, respectively. The regression equations estimated 98.2% of the DMFT-real. The occlusal surfaces were the most attacked (60.4%) followed by the buccal and distal surfaces. In conclusion, the status of first molars was determinant to the estimation of DMFT index, demonstrating their susceptibility to caries in 12 year-old individualsMestradoCariologiaMestre em Odontologi

Forage mass, nutritive value and persistence of alfalfa and alfalfa mixtures as influenced by forage management

The utilization of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) alone or in mixtures with tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbyish) or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) in the Southeast U.S. must be assessed so better management recommendations can be given. The objective of this first study was to determine the cumulative capacity of alfalfa in monoculture (A) and mixtures with tall fescue (ATF) and bermudagrass (AB), and its indirect improvements on the nutritive (NV). Three species combinations were utilized (A, ATF and AB) and subjected to four harvest frequencies (21, 28, 35 and 42 days) throughout the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons at The University of Tennessee Plateau Research and Education Center (PREC) in Crossville, TN. Samples were collected for analysis of NV and forage mass (FM). Results indicated that on spring of 2016 and 2017, A and ATF showed highest FM values (P \u3c 0.0001). In summer 2016, A and AB had higher FM than ATF (P \u3c 0.0001), however, in summer of 2017 no differences were observed. The NV increased once alfalfa was incorporated into the mixtures, with higher crude protein (CP) and lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF). In conclusion, harvest frequencies above 28 days are recommended for optimum FM accumulation. Yet, harvest frequencies of 42 days tend to have increased lignification thus decreased NV. The second experiment asses the persistence of the same experiment on the third year. Based on FM, results showed that persistence of A (P = 0.0042), AB (P = 0.0002), and ATF (P = 0.0007) decreased at the third year of growth, and different harvest schedules should be followed for each species combination for increased persistence in the field. For A and AB, harvest frequencies should be 35 days and for ATF, 42 days

Copyright on the blockchain: scarcity as incentive for production or as concentration of wealth

This paper begins by exploring how private property is related to economic development, using an economic analysis of law approach, associating scarcity with the allocation of goods and its relation to efficiency.Perhaps the solution to the dilemma between universalized access and fair remuneration to authors can be found in the new technologies. Therefore, this paper brings some information about blockchain technology that, due to its characteristics, may be problem-solving. Although legal and economic institutions that are prior to blockchain must provide guidelines so that this technology can be used to balance efforts and reward, maximizing incentives for productivity, but also ensuring fair competition and protection of public interest.Some of these institutions are analyzed in this paper, raising questions – and maybe some answers – about means and purposes of copyright protection in the blockchain era

Milk is for Children, Colostrum silage is for calves.

One sixth of the world population is starving. In the meantime, producers from all over the world daily disdain billions of liters of bovine colostrum, which is seen as rich in nutrients, immunoglobulin and bioactive substances. The milk is the most expensive component in the final costs of calves breeding. Considering the impossibility of substituting the milk to feed the calf, different ways to use the colostrum have been studied however with controversial results. We have developed colostrum silage. This product is economical and possible to store in the environment for up to eighteen months. Being efficient for calf breeding, yielding income and profit to the dairy business. The colostrum silage keeps the necessary physicochemical characteristics for the development of the calves. Calves fed with this product had a significant higher weight gain comparing to the ones fed with milk. Then the milk can be used for human consumption

Differentiation as Measured by the Classroom Practices Survey: A Validity Study Updating the Original Instrument

The Classroom Practices Survey is an instrument developed to collect information on educators’ use of differentiated instruction with students achieving at average and high levels. The purposes of this study were to investigate if the Classroom Practices Survey (1) yields reliable and valid data from the groups it was originally designed for, and (2) can be used to evaluate teachers’ differentiation practices for students who achieve at low levels. Participants included 648 elementary teachers who completed the Classroom Practices Survey on students achieving at high, average, and low levels. Results of confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the original six-factor model was not supported by the current data. Model fit was improved with a four-factor model, but did not reach the recommended values for good model fit. Further research and possibly modifications are needed before this tool is used by researchers and schools. This study highlights the importance of periodically evaluating instruments and revising them if necessary

UNIVERSALIZAÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO INCLUSIVA: ENTRE DISCURSOS E AÇÕES NO MUNICÍPIO DE CAETITÉ/BAHIA

This article is part of a broader research entitled “The Universalization of Inclusive Education in the Municipal Education Plan of Caetité-Bahia: problematizing discourses and actions” and is based on the analysis of discourses on the universalization of inclusive education in goal 4 of the Municipal Plan of Education (PME) in Caetité-BA. We take as a theoretical-methodological basis the theories and postulates of the French philosopher Michel Foucault, with the devices of knowledge, power and governmentality, to reflect on the process of constitution of discourses. Data was produced from interviews, questionnaires and document analysis. Three subjects who are part of the PME implementation were interviewed and three subjects representing Special and Inclusive Education in the Municipal Education Forum answered the questionnaire. The results point to a desire for truth to expand access in the inclusive perspective of students with disabilities to common education from the PME; as for the materialization of the strategies of the PME goal 4, the analysis shows a lack of knowledge or clarity of knowledge in the field of inclusive education, for the exercise of this knowledge; the actions proposed for the implementation of the PME goal 4 reveal themselves to be inconsistent in the context of schooling.Este artículo forma parte de una investigación más amplia titulada “La universalización de la educación inclusiva en el Plan Municipal de Educación de Caetité-Bahia: problematizando discursos y acciones” y se basa en el análisis de los discursos sobre la universalización de la educación inclusiva en el objetivo 4 del Plan Municipal. Plan de Educación (PME) de Caetité-BA. Tomamos como base teórico-metodológica las teorías y postulados del filósofo francés Michel Foucault, con los dispositivos de conocimiento, poder y gubernamentalidad, para reflexionar sobre el proceso de constitución de los discursos. Los datos se produjeron a partir de entrevistas, cuestionarios y análisis de documentos. Se entrevistaron tres sujetos que forman parte de la implementación del PME y tres sujetos representantes de la Educación Especial e Inclusiva en el Foro Municipal de Educación respondieron el cuestionario. Los resultados apuntan a un deseo de verdad para ampliar el acceso en la perspectiva inclusiva de los estudiantes con discapacidad a la educación común desde el PME; en cuanto a la materialización de las estrategias de la meta 4 del PME, el análisis muestra una falta de conocimiento o claridad de conocimiento en el ámbito de la educación inclusiva, para el ejercicio de estos conocimientos; las acciones propuestas para la implementación del objetivo 4 del PME se revelan inconsistentes en el contexto de la escolarización.Este artigo é parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla intitulada “A Universalização da Educação Inclusiva no Plano Municipal de Educação de Caetité-Bahia: problematizando discursos e ações” e fundamenta-se na análise dos discursos sobre a universalização da educação inclusiva na meta 4 do Plano Municipal de Educação (PME) em Caetité-BA. Tomamos como base teórico-metodológica teorizações e postulados do filósofo francês Michel Foucault, com os dispositivos de saber, poder e governamentalidade, para refletir sobre o processo de constituição dos discursos. Os dados foram produzidos a partir de entrevistas, questionários e análise documental. Foram entrevistados três sujeitos que fazem parte da implementação do PME e responderam ao questionário três sujeitos representantes da Educação Especial e Inclusiva no Fórum Municipal de Educação. Os resultados apontam para uma vontade de verdade de ampliar o acesso na perspectiva inclusiva dos alunos com deficiência ao ensino comum a partir do PME; quanto à materialização das estratégias da meta 4 do PME, a análise evidencia uma falta de conhecimento ou clareza de um saber no campo da educação inclusiva, para o exercício desses saberes; as ações propostas para implementação da meta 4 do PME revelam-se inconsistentes no contexto da escolarização