Covid-19 e suas redes de conectividades no território maranhense: Compreendendo sua espacialização

This article is the result of a discussion that begins with the statement by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2020) about the Covid-19 pandemic, a disease caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therefore, from March 11th, the study group began to follow the news about the Brazilian cases in the Northeast and North regions, more specifically, in Maranhão state, through the information contained in the information sheets, technical notes and decrees made available by the Secretary of State for Health. Thus, the monitoring to understand the specialization of the disease had started. For such follow-up, discussions were promoted about the Technical Scientific Informational Environment, Flows, and Connection Networks between the capital and the other municipalities located on the Island, as well as with the municipalities on the continent. Subsequently, software from the Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to make daily thematic maps on confirmed cases and deaths, considering the period from 04/05/2020 to 06/15/2020 and, with the bibliographic references, they provided relevant reflections to us for understanding the diffusion and spatialization of cases in Maranhão’s municipalities. It was verified that the road flow was the main midst of Covid-19 dissemination, with 1499 deaths and 60592 confirmed cases which reached 665 and 98%, respectively, of the Maranhão’s municipalities.Este artículo es el resultado de una discusión que parte de la declaración de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS, 2020) sobre la pandemia de Covid-19, una enfermedad causada por el nuevo coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2). Por lo tanto, a partir del 11 de marzo, el grupo de estudio comenzó a seguir las noticias sobre los casos en Brasil y en las regiones noreste y norte, más específicamente en el estado de Maranhão, a través de la información contenida en los boletines, notas técnicas y El Secretario de Estado de Salud puso a disposición los decretos gubernamentales, por lo que el monitoreo comenzó a comprender la espacialización de la enfermedad. Para dicho seguimiento, se promovieron discusiones sobre el entorno de información técnica científica, flujos y redes de conexión entre la capital y los otros municipios ubicados en la isla, así como con los municipios del continente. Posteriormente, se utilizó el software del Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) para hacer mapas temáticos diarios sobre casos y muertes confirmados, teniendo en cuenta el período del 05/04/2020 al 15/06/2020 y, junto con las referencias bibliográficas , nos proporcionó reflexiones relevantes para comprender la difusión y la espacialización de los casos en los municipios de Maranhão. Se descubrió que el flujo de la carretera era el principal medio de diseminación de Covid-19 con 1499 muertes y 60592 casos confirmados, llegando a 655 y 98%, respectivamente, de los municipios de Maranhão.Este artigo é fruto de uma discussão que se inicia partir da declaração da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS, 2020) sobre a pandemia da Covid-19, doença causada pela nova severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Dessa forma, a partir do dia 11 de março, o grupo de estudos começou a acompanhar as notícias sobre os casos no Brasil e nas Regiões Nordeste e Norte, mais especificamente no estado do Maranhão, por meio das informações contidas nos boletins, notas técnicas e decretos governamentais disponibilizados pela Secretaria de Estado da Saúde. Assim, iniciou-se o monitoramento para a compreensão da espacialização da doença. Para tal acompanhamento, promoveram-se discussões sobre o Meio Técnico Científico Informacional, Fluxos e Redes de Conexão entre a capital e os demais municípios localizados na Ilha, bem como com os municípios do continente. Posteriormente, foram utilizados softwares do Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG) para confecção de mapas temáticos diários sobre casos confirmados e óbitos, levando em consideração o período de 05/04/2020 a 15/06/2020 e, em conjunto com os referenciais bibliográficos, nos proporcionaram reflexões relevantes para o entendimento da difusão e espacialização dos casos nos municípios maranhenses. Verificou-se que o fluxo rodoviário foi o principal meio da difusão da Covid-19 com 1499 óbitos e 60592 casos confirmados, alcançando 655 e 98% respectivamente dos municípios maranhenses

Perfil epidemiológico das internações por Insuficiência Cardíaca no Brasil entre 2019 e 2023

The present study aims to analyze the epidemiology of hospitalizations for heart failure (HF) in Brazil over the last five years. The study was carried out through a descriptive, quantitative and retrospective epidemiological survey of hospitalizations for HF in Brazil from 2019 to 2023. In Brazil, 941,576 hospitalizations for heart failure were recorded between 2019 and 2023. Among the Regions, the Southeast Region had the highest incidence rates, the highest mortality rate and the highest lethality. Thus, it was noted that men between 70 and 79 years old and of mixed ethnicity constitute the profile most affected by heart failure.O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a epidemiologia das internações por insuficiência cardíaca (IC), no Brasil, nos últimos cinco anos. O estudo foi realizado através de um levantamento epidemiológico descritivo, quantitativo e retrospectivo das internações por IC no Brasil no período de 2019 a 2023. No Brasil foram registradas 941.576 internações por insuficiência cardíaca ocorridos entre 2019 e 2023. Dentre as Regiões, a Região do Sudeste apresentou os maiores índices de incidência, a maior taxa de mortalidade e maior letalidade. Dessa forma, notou-se que homens entre 70 e 79 anos e da etnia parda constituem o perfil mais acometido pela insuficiência cardíaca

Os principais tipos e manifestações da Cirrose Hepática: uma atualização clínica

Introdução: A cirrose hepática é um processo patológica crônico, considerado a hepatopatia mais comum, definido como a conversão difusa morfoestrutural por nódulos de arquitetura anômalo envoltos por fibrose. Objetivou-se descrever os tipos mais relevantes de cirrose e suas devidas manifestações. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, fundamentada nas plataformas do SciELO, PubMed, Scopus, utilizando os termos “hepatical cirrhosis”, “liver disease” e “hepatocellular insufficiency” a qual através da revisão narrativa, abordou amplamente a respeito da contextualização da cirrose e as principais etiologias. Resultados e Discussão: Foi analisado que tal condição afeta qualquer faixa etária, sexo, etnia e independe da classe socioeconômica, mas as diversas etiologias impõem um perfil epidemiológico específico conforme a aparição. As principais origens abordam o tipo alcoólico, hepatite, aplicação crônica de alguns fármacos e esteatose gordurosa ou não. Ademais, estima-se que estas afetam a anatomofuncionalidade do órgão responsável por grande parte da homeostase, culminando em diversas manifestações clínicas.  Conclusão: A cirrose é uma consequência grave de fatores de base em estágio avançado, a qual devido ao seu curso geralmente silencioso culmina no desenvolvimento e progressão clínica. Neste contexto, a atenção aos fatores predisponentes como alimentação rica em lipídios, estilismo, negligência a exames de rotina, sedentarismo e obesidade contribuem constituem medidas eficazes de prevenção primária.&nbsp

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Associação entre a ooforectomia bilateral precoce e o desenvolvimento do parkinsonismo e Doença de Parkinson em mulheres na pré-menopausa

O parkinsonismo é um distúrbio do sistema nervoso de maior incidência masculina do que feminina, visto que, por mecanismos fisiológicos, o estrogênio possui efeitos neuroprotetores, com funções como aumento da dopamina, um neurotransmissor essencial para o controle das funções motoras. Além disso, previne a formação dos corpúsculos de Lewy e da agregação da α-sinucleína, responsáveis pela progressão da Doença de Parkinson. Por isso, a doença se apresenta diferentemente nas mulheres. A remoção cirúrgica de ambos os ovários em mulheres na pré-menopausa para a prevenção do câncer de ovário parece favorecer o surgimento da doença, tendo em vista a perda da produção do hormônio protetor. Assim, o objetivo do estudo é analisar a associação entre a ooforectomia bilateral precoce e o desenvolvimento de parkinsonismo e Doença de Parkinson em mulheres na pré-menopausa. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática, do tipo quantitativa, que utilizou as plataformas do PubMed, SciELO e Cochrane Library como bases de dados para seleção dos artigos, todos na língua inglesa. Foram utilizadas literaturas publicadas com recorte temporal de 2017 a 2022. De acordo com as literaturas analisadas, a ooforectomia bilateral precoce em mulheres na pré-menopausa aumenta o risco do desenvolvimento de parkinsonismo. Desse modo, a diminuição dos procedimentos cirúrgicos profiláticos para câncer de ovário nas pacientes com risco médio de malignidade reduziria o risco dessa condição