El subtitulado para sordos : estado de la cuestión en España

El objetivo de este artículo es exponer la realidad del subtitulado para sordos en España. Describiremos, siguiendo diversos criterios, los tipos de subtítulos para personas con déficit auditivo que se registran en el panorama del estado español; haremos un breve recorrido histórico desde el momento en el que nace esta modalidad de trasvase hasta nuestros días, destacando las propuestas, leyes y normas que contribuyen a eliminar las barreras con las que se encuentra la comunidad sorda en su acceso a los productos audiovisuales que inundan nuestro mercado y sociedad y, finalmente, nos centraremos sobre todo en las cadenas de televisión, principales productoras de subtítulos en nuestro país, y analizaremos el estado de la cuestión que nos ocupa tanto en aquellas de ámbito estatal como en las autonómicas.The aim of this article is to portray the state of subtitling for the deaf in Spain. A description of the different types of subtitles used in Spain for persons with hearing impairment will be undertaken following different criteria. A historical perspective will be provided right from the time such a transmission method was developed up to the present time. Proposals, norms and laws that contribute to barrier elimination for the deaf community (while attempting to access audiovisual products that flood our market and society) will be covered. Lastly, this paper will focus on the TV channels, which are the principal producers of subtitles in Spain and will further provide an analysis of the current state both at the national and regional levels

Extractability and mobility of mercury from agricultural soils surrounding industrial and mining contaminated areas

This study focussed on a comparison of the extractability of mercury in soils with two different contamination sources (a chlor-alkali plant and mining activities) and on the evaluation of the influence of specific soil properties on the behaviour of the contaminant. The method applied here did not target the identification of individual species, but instead provided information concerning the mobility of mercury species in soil. Mercury fractions were classified as mobile, semi-mobile and non-mobile. The fractionation study revealed that in all samples mercury was mainly present in the semi-mobile phase (between 63 and 97%). The highest mercury mobility (2.7 mg kg-1) was found in soils from the industrial area. Mining soils exhibited higher percentage of non-mobile mercury, up to 35%, due to their elevated sulfur content. Results of factor analysis indicate that the presence of mercury in the mobile phase could be related to manganese and aluminum soil contents. A positive relation between mercury in the semi-mobile fraction and the aluminium content was also observed. By contrary, organic matter and sulfur contents contributed to mercury retention in the soil matrix reducing the mobility of the metal. Despite known limitations of sequential extraction procedures, the methodology applied in this study for the fractionation of mercury in contaminated soil samples provided relevant information on mercury's relative mobility

Detection of outliers in multivariate data: a method based on clustering and robust estimators

Outlier identification is important in many applications of multivariate analysis. Either because there is some specific interest in finding anomalous observations or as a pre-processing task before the application of some multivariate method, in order to preserve the results from possible harmful effects of those observations. It is also of great interest in supervised classification (or discriminant analysis) if, when predicting group membership, one wants to have the possibility of labelling an observation as does not belong to any of the available groups. The identification of outliers in multivariate data is usually based on Mahalanobis distance. The use of robust estimates of the mean and the covariance matrix is advised in order to avoid the masking effect (Rousseeuw and Leroy, 1985; Rousseeuw and von Zomeren, 1990; Rocke and Woodruff, 1996; Becker and Gather, 1999). However, the performance of these rules is still highly dependent of multivariate normality of the bulk of the data. The aim of the method here described is to remove this dependence