How Brands Acquire Cultural Meaning: Introduction

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150586/1/jcpy1120_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150586/2/jcpy1120.pd

Studies on proper simulation during static testing of forward speed effects on fan noise

Significant differences exist in the noise generated by engines in flight and engines operating on the test stand. It was observed that these differences can be reduced by the use of an inflow control structure (ICS) in the static test configuration. The results of the third phase of a three phase program are described. The work performed in the first two phases which dealt with the development of a model for atmospheric turbulence, studies of fan noise generated by rotor turbulence interaction, and the development of an inflow control structure design system are summarized. The final phase of the program covers procedures for performing static testing with an ICS projecting the resulting static test data to actual flight test data. Included is a procedures report which covers the design system and techniques for static testing and projecting the static data to flight

Comparación de tres cuestionarios pronósticos de riesgo para síndrome obstructivo de apnea e hipopnea de sueño en adultos

Objective: To determine the differences in the prediction of the risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) by comparing the results of the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ), the STOP-Bang (SB) Questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) in patients admitted to the Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo from 2019 to 2020. Materials and methods: A quantitative, observational, descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional clinical study of diagnostic tests. A sample of 304 patients older than 18 years was included in the research. The results are presented with frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion. The variables were associated using the chi-square test. The sensitivity and specificity of the BQ and ESS were measured against the SB Questionnaire. A p value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The average age of the study population was 52.89 ± 15.97 years and adults under 50 years of age (40.5 %) prevailed. Sixty point five percent (60.5 %) of the participants were males. The average BMI was 30.74 ± 6.02 kg/m2, with the overweight category being the most numerous (43.40 %). Forty-two point eight percent (42.8 %) of the participants had hypertension. According to the SB Questionnaire, BQ and ESS, 77.0 %, 62.5 % and 60.5 % had a high risk of developing OSAHS, respectively. The questionnaires showed an association between age, sex, nutritional diagnosis and arterial hypertension, and a high risk of developing OSAHS (p < 0.05). There is a weak correlation between the SB Questionnaire and BQ (Kappa: 0.39), and between the SB Questionnaire and ESS (Kappa: 0.33). Conclusions: The abovementioned questionnaires are useful tools to predict the risk of developing OSAHS. They show a significant but weak correlation between them. However, they should be considered as rapid and reliable screening tests.Objetivo: Determinar las diferencias en el pronóstico del riesgo de presentar el síndrome obstructivo de apnea/hipopnea del sueño (SOAHS) al comparar los resultados de los cuestionarios de Berlín (CB), STOP-Bang (SB) y la Escala de somnolencia de Epworth (ESE) en pacientes internados en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo durante el periodo 2019-2020. Materiales y métodos: Estudio clínico cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo de pruebas diagnósticas, prospectivo y transversal. Se incluyó una muestra de 304 pacientes mayores de 18 años. Los resultados se presentan con frecuencias, medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. Las variables se asociaron mediante la prueba de X2. Se midió la sensibilidad y especificidad del CB y ESE respecto a SB. El valor de p menor de 0,05 se consideró como significativo. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue de 52,89 ± 15,97 años, con predominio de los adultos menores de 50 años (40,50 %). El 60,50 % de los participantes fueron de sexo masculino. El promedio del IMC fue 30,74 ± 6,02 kg/m2 y la categoría más numerosa fue el sobrepeso (43,40 %). El 42,80 % tenía hipertensión. Según el SB, CB y la ESE, el 77,00 %, 62,50 % y 60,50 % tenían alto riesgo de presentar el SOAHS, respectivamente. Los cuestionarios mostraron una asociación entre edad, sexo, diagnóstico nutricional e hipertensión arterial con un elevado riesgo de presentar SOAHS (p < 0,05). Existe una débil correlación entre SB y CB (Kappa: 0,39) y SB y ESE (Kappa: 0,33). Conclusiones: Los cuestionarios son herramientas útiles con el potencial de pronosticar el riesgo de SOAHS. Presentan una correlación significativa, pero débil, entre su pronóstico de riesgo del síndrome. Sin embargo, deben ser considerados como pruebas de detección rápida y confiable

Higher order photoprotection mutants reveal the importance of \u394pH-dependent photosynthesis-control in preventing light induced damage to both photosystem II and photosystem I

Although light is essential for photosynthesis, when in excess, it may damage the photosynthetic apparatus, leading to a phenomenon known as photoinhibition. Photoinhibition was thought as a light-induced damage to photosystem II; however, it is now clear that even photosystem I may become very vulnerable to light. One main characteristic of light induced damage to photosystem II (PSII) is the increased turnover of the reaction center protein, D1: when rate of degradation exceeds the rate of synthesis, loss of PSII activity is observed. With respect to photosystem I (PSI), an excess of electrons, instead of an excess of light, may be very dangerous. Plants possess a number of mechanisms able to prevent, or limit, such damages by safe thermal dissipation of light energy (non-photochemical quenching, NPQ), slowing-down of electron transfer through the intersystem transport chain (photosynthesis-control, PSC) in co-operation with the Proton Gradient Regulation (PGR) proteins, PGR5 and PGRL1, collectively called as short-term photoprotection mechanisms, and the redistribution of light between photosystems, called state transitions (responsible of fluorescence quenching at PSII, qT), is superimposed to these short term photoprotective mechanisms. In this manuscript we have generated a number of higher order mutants by crossing genotypes carrying defects in each of the short-term photoprotection mechanisms, with the final aim to obtain a direct comparison of their role and efficiency in photoprotection. We found that mutants carrying a defect in the \u394pH-dependent photosynthesis-control are characterized by photoinhibition of both photosystems, irrespectively of whether PSBS-dependent NPQ or state transitions defects were present or not in the same individual, demonstrating the primary role of PSC in photoprotection. Moreover, mutants with a limited capability to develop a strong PSBS-dependent NPQ, were characterized by a high turnover of the D1 protein and high values of Y(NO), which might reflect energy quenching processes occurring within the PSII reaction center

Assimilation of healthy and indulgent impressions from labelling influences fullness but not intake or sensory experience

Background: Recent evidence suggests that products believed to be healthy may be over-consumed relative to believed indulgent or highly caloric products. The extent to which these effects relate to expectations from labelling, oral experience or assimilation of expectations is unclear. Over two experiments, we tested the hypotheses that healthy and indulgent information could be assimilated by oral experience of beverages and influence sensory evaluation, expected satiety, satiation and subsequent appetite. Additionally, we explored how expectation-experience congruency influenced these factors. Results: Results supported some assimilation of healthiness and indulgent ratings—study 1 showed that indulgent ratings enhanced by the indulgent label persisted post-tasting, and this resulted in increased fullness ratings. In study 2, congruency of healthy labels and oral experience promoted enhanced healthiness ratings. These healthiness and indulgent beliefs did not influence sensory analysis or intake—these were dictated by the products themselves. Healthy labels, but not experience, were associated with decreased expected satiety. Conclusions: Overall labels generated expectations, and some assimilation where there were congruencies between expectation and experience, but oral experience tended to override initial expectations to determine ultimate sensory evaluations and intake. Familiarity with the sensory properties of the test beverages may have resulted in the use of prior knowledge, rather than the label information, to guide evaluations and behaviour