382 research outputs found
Detection of CI line emission from the detached CO shell of the AGB star R Sculptoris
Stars on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) lose substantial amounts of
matter, to the extent that they are important for the chemical evolution of,
and dust production in, the universe. The mass loss is believed to increase
gradually with age on the AGB, but it may also occur in the form of bursts,
possibly related to the thermal pulsing phenomenon. Detached, geometrically
thin, CO shells around carbon stars are good signposts of brief and intense
mass ejection. We aim to put further constraints on the physical properties of
detached CO shells around AGB stars. The photodissociation of CO and other
carbon-bearing species in the shells leads to the possibility of detecting
lines from neutral carbon. We have therefore searched for the
CI(^3P_1-\,^3P_0) line at 492 GHz towards two carbon stars, S Sct and R Scl,
with detached CO shells of different ages, about 8000 and 2300 years,
respectively. The CI(^3P_1-\,^3P_0) line was detected towards R Scl. The line
intensity is dominated by emission from the detached shell. The detection is at
a level consistent with the neutral carbon coming from the full
photodissociation of all species except CO, and with only limited
photoionisation of carbon. The best fit to the observed CO and CO
line intensities, assuming a homogeneous shell, is obtained for a shell mass of
about 0.002 , a temperature of about 100 K, and a CO abundance with
respect to H of 10. The estimated CI/CO abundance ratio is about 0.3
for the best-fit model. However, a number of arguments point in the direction
of a clumpy medium, and a viable interpretation of the data within such a
context is provided
Employment subsidies - A fast lane from unemployment to work?
The treatment effect of a Swedish employment subsidy is estimated using exact covariate-matching and instrumental variables methods. Our estimates suggest that the programme had a positive treatment effect for the participants. We also show how non-parametric methods can be used to estimate the time profile of treatment effects as well as how to estimate the effect of entering the programme at different points in time in the unemployment spell. Our main results are derived using matching methods. However, as a sensitivity test, we apply instrumental variables difference-in-difference methods. These estimates indicate that our matching results are robustEvaluation; employment subsidies; exact covariate-matching
Violent victimisation of psychiatric patients: a Swedish caseâcontrol study
The intriguing question of how mental disorder and violence relate to each other has become an epic academic debate. During the last decades, there has been a change in direction of the debate on individuals with mental disorder, with a greater focus on violent victimization than violent behaviour towards others. Up until now, no Swedish study has investigated the frequency of violent behaviour among general psychiatric patients undergoing psychiatric treatment. Moreover, no Swedish study so far has investigated the relative risk of victimization in general psychiatric patients, in comparison to the general population. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate these issues and to validate the risk assessment method Classification of Violence Risk (COVR)â˘.
Method: In study I, general psychiatric patients were recruited from two public psychiatric hospitals in Stockholm County (n=390). The control group consisted of gender- and age-matched subjects recruited from an annual national survey of living conditions, (conducted by Statistics Sweden) (n=1170).
Studies II-IV consisted of prospective follow-ups on 331 patients. At baseline, clinical and socio-demographic variables were collected and a COVR assessment was conducted. Follow-up included telephone interviews with the patients and collaterals 10 and 20 weeks after baseline. Violent behaviour was self-reported and in addition, data was collected from a national criminal register.
Results: Twenty percent of the patients had been victimised during the year preceding inclusion. The relative rate of victimization was six times higher in patients compared to controls. Women appeared to be most vulnerable with a 10-fold risk increase (Study I).
The base rate of violent behaviour was 5.7% and a receiver operating curve analysis (ROC) showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for COVR was 0.77. The gender gap concerning violent behaviour among the general population was not replicated, since there was no significant gender difference with respect to violent acts 20 weeks after discharge. The predictive validity of the COVR software was comparable between females and males. There was an overlap between offenders and victims among psychiatric patients (Studies II-IV).
Conclusions: The risk of being subjected to violence is high among Swedish psychiatric patients. The findings are most pronounced for female patients. Research, clinicians and social policy should target the problem of victimization.
The base rate of violent behaviour towards others is relatively low among general psychiatric patients in Sweden. Therefore, prediction is difficult. Violent behaviour was uncommon in female as well as male patients and there were no gender differences. The COVR software could significantly predict violent behaviour and its validity was comparable to other risk assessment tools. COVR predicted violent behaviour with the same precision in both genders. The overlap between offenders and victims should be taken into account in both research and clinical settings
First detection of methanol towards a post-AGB object, HD101584
The circumstellar environments of objects on the asymptotic giant branch and
beyond are rich in molecular species. Nevertheless, methanol has never been
detected in such an object, and is therefore often taken as a clear signpost
for a young stellar object. However, we report the first detection of CH3OH in
a post-AGB object, HD101584, using ALMA. Its emission, together with emissions
from CO, SiO, SO, CS, and H2CO, comes from two extreme velocity spots on either
side of the object where a high-velocity outflow appears to interact with the
surrounding medium. We have derived molecular abundances, and propose that the
detected molecular species are the effect of a post-shock chemistry where
circumstellar grains play a role. We further provide evidence that HD101584 was
a low-mass, M-type AGB star
Downstream high-speed plasma jet generation as a direct consequence of shock reformation
Shocks are one of nature's most powerful particle accelerators and have been connected to relativistic electron acceleration and cosmic rays. Upstream shock observations include wave generation, wave-particle interactions and magnetic compressive structures, while at the shock and downstream, particle acceleration, magnetic reconnection and plasma jets can be observed. Here, using Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) we show in-situ evidence of high-speed downstream flows (jets) generated at the Earth's bow shock as a direct consequence of shock reformation. Jets are observed downstream due to a combined effect of upstream plasma wave evolution and an ongoing reformation cycle of the bow shock. This generation process can also be applicable to planetary and astrophysical plasmas where collisionless shocks are commonly found. Several mechanisms exist for formation of jets observed in Earth's magnetosheath. Here, the authors show evidence of high-speed downstream flows generated at the Earth's bow shock as a direct consequence of shock reformation, which is different than the proposed mechanisms.Peer reviewe
"I didn't have to look her in the eyes"-participants' experiences of the therapeutic relationship in internet-based psychodynamic therapy for adolescent depression
Objective: To explore young peopleâs perceptions of the relationship with the therapist in internet-based psychodynamic treatment for adolescent depression. Method: As a part of a randomized controlled trial, 18 adolescents aged 15â19 were interviewed after participating in treatment. Interviews followed a semi-structured interview schedule and were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The findings are reported around four main themes: âa meaningful and significant relationship with someone who caredâ, âa helping relationship with someone who guided and motivated me through therapyâ; âa relationship made safer and more open by the fact that we didnât have to meetâ and âa nonsignificant relationship with someone I didnât really know and who didnât know meâ. Conclusion: Even when contact is entirely text-based, it is possible to form a close and significant relationship with a therapist in internet-based psychodynamic treatment. Clinicians need to monitor the relationship and seek to repair ruptures when they emerge. Trial registration:ISRCTN.org identifier: ISRCTN16206254
Dayside response of the magnetosphere to a small shock compression: Van Allen Probes, Magnetospheric MultiScale, and GOES-13.
Observations from Magnetospheric MultiScale (~8 Re) and Van Allen Probes (~5 and 4 Re) show that the initial dayside response to a small interplanetary shock is a double-peaked dawnward electric field, which is distinctly different from the usual bipolar (dawnward and then duskward) signature reported for large shocks. The associated EÂ ĂÂ B flow is radially inward. The shock compressed the magnetopause to inside 8 Re, as observed by Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS), with a speed that is comparable to the EÂ ĂÂ B flow. The magnetopause speed and the EÂ ĂÂ B speeds were significantly less than the propagation speed of the pulse from MMS to the Van Allen Probes and GOES-13, which is consistent with the MHD fast mode. There were increased fluxes of energetic electrons up to several MeV. Signatures of drift echoes and response to ULF waves also were seen. These observations demonstrate that even very weak shocks can have significant impact on the radiation belts
Structure of the Current Sheet in the 11 July 2017 Electron Diffusion Region Event.
The structure of the current sheet along the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) orbit is examined during the 11 July 2017 Electron Diffusion Region (EDR) event. The location of MMS relative to the X-line is deduced and used to obtain the spatial changes in the electron parameters. The electron velocity gradient values are used to estimate the reconnection electric field sustained by nongyrotropic pressure. It is shown that the observations are consistent with theoretical expectations for an inner EDR in 2-D reconnection. That is, the magnetic field gradient scale, where the electric field due to electron nongyrotropic pressure dominates, is comparable to the gyroscale of the thermal electrons at the edge of the inner EDR. Our approximation of the MMS observations using a steady state, quasi-2-D, tailward retreating X-line was valid only for about 1.4Â s. This suggests that the inner EDR is localized; that is, electron outflow jet braking takes place within an ion inertia scale from the X-line. The existence of multiple events or current sheet processes outside the EDR may play an important role in the geometry of reconnection in the near-Earth magnetotail
The Labor Market Returns to Cognitive and Noncognitive Ability: Evidence from the Swedish Enlistment
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