Some remarks on racial inequality in Brazil & the formation of the tax state in Brazil: the genesis of income tax

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Spatial Distribution of Leprosy in the Amazon Region of Brazil

To detect areas with increased case-detection rates, we used spatial scan statistics to identify 5 of 10 clusters of leprosy in the Amazon region of Brazil. Despite increasing economic development, population growth, and road infrastructure, leprosy is endemic to this region, which is a source of case exportation to other parts of Brazil

Mental health in late adulthood: What can preserve it?

The current research investigates the part played by several socio-demographic factors, lifestyle and cognitive efficiency in predicting self-rated depressive signs in late adulthood. One hundred and ninety-one healthy adults were recruited in Northern Italy and Sardinia—an Italian island located in the Mediterranean sea known for the longevity of its elderly people—from urban and rural areas. Participants were assigned to old (60–74 years) and very old (75–99 years) groups, and were administered cognitive efficiency and self-referent depression measures. Gender and region of residence were the best predictors of self-rated depression scores. Furthermore, Sardinian participants, especially those from rural areas, showed better preserved mental health than respondents from Northern Italy. Positive aging is more evident in Sardinia, especially in rural areas, where the maintenance of an adequate social status and physical activity help guarantee a positive level of mental health in later life

Nutrition education in the official programs for preventing vitamin A deficiency in Brazil

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar a inserção da Educação Nutricional nos programas oficiais brasileiros de combate à deficiência de vitamina A no Brasil, no período de 1968 a 2008. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental, onde foram analisados documentos oficiais, arquivados na Coordenação Geral de Políticas de Alimentação e Nutrição, do Ministério da Saúde, referentes aos programas governamentais nacionais para a prevenção e controle da Deficiência de Vitamina A. Descreve-se a trajetória da Educação Nutricional nos programas oficiais de combate à Deficiência de Vitamina A no Brasil, desde sua implantação até os dias atuais, constatando-se que a prática de Educação Nutricional é recomendada, porém não executada. Isso ocorre porque as ações propostas nos programas oficiais são sugeridas como ações pontuais, ao invés de estarem inseridas em uma política pública de promoção da saúde. Nesse sentido, o atual programa de prevenção e combate a essa Deficiência evoluiu, pois recomenda o aleitamento materno e a alimentação saudável - medidas de promoção da saúde -, como essenciais para a sua prevenção. Conclui-se que, à medida que a Educação Nutricional avance e se estabeleça como parte de uma política pública intersetorial de promoção para a saúde, a alimentação saudável passe a fazer parte da vida dos brasileiros, prevenindo não apenas a Deficiência de Vitamina A, mas, também, outras doenças carenciais e as crônicas não transmissíveis.The objective of this article is to identify the insertion of nutrition education in the official Brazilian programs for the prevention of vitamin A deficiency in Brazil, in the period from 1968 to 2008. The employed methodology was a literature and document research, analyzing the official documents kept by the General Coordination of Food and Nutrition Policies of the Ministry of Health regarding national governmental programs for the prevention and control of vitamin A deficiency. The trajectory of nutrition education in the official programs for the prevention of Vitamin A deficiency in Brazil is described, from its implementation to the present days. Nutrition education was found to be recommended but not done. This happens because the actions proposed by the official programs are solitary actions when in fact they should be inserted in a health-promoting public policy. In this sense, the current program for the prevention of vitamin A deficiency has improved, since it recommends breastfeeding and healthy eating habits as essential factors for its prevention, measures that promote health. In conclusion, as nutrition education advances and is established as part of a trans-sector health-promoting public policy, healthy eating habits become part of Brazilians’ daily life, preventing not only vitamin A deficiency, but also other nutritional deficiencies and non-communicable chronic disease

Signaling pathways involved in renal oxidative injury: role of the vasoactive peptides and the renal dopaminergic system

The physiological hydroelectrolytic balance and the redox steady state in the kidney are accomplished by an intricate interaction between signals from extrarenal and intrarenal sources and between antinatriuretic and natriuretic factors. Angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide and intrarenal dopamine play a pivotal role in this interactive network. The balance between endogenous antioxidant agents like the renal dopaminergic system and atrial natriuretic peptide, by one side, and the prooxidant effect of the renin angiotensin system, by the other side, contributes to ensuring the normal function of the kidney. Different pathological scenarios, as nephrotic syndrome and hypertension, where renal sodium excretion is altered, are associated with an impaired interaction between two natriuretic systems as the renal dopaminergic system and atrial natriuretic peptide that may be involved in the pathogenesis of renal diseases. The aim of this review is to update and comment the most recent evidences about the intracellular pathways involved in the relationship between endogenous antioxidant agents like the renal dopaminergic system and atrial natriuretic peptide and the prooxidant effect of the renin angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of renal inflammation.Fil: Rukavina Mikusic, Natalia Lucía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiopatología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Kravetz, Maria Cecilia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiopatología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Kouyoumdzian, Nicolás Martín. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiopatología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Della Penna, S. L.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiopatología; ArgentinaFil: Roson, Maria Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiopatología; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez, Belisario Enrique. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiopatología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Choi, Marcelo Roberto. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Fisiopatología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Kotimyynti osana yrityksen toimintaa

Monet tunnetut suoramyyntiyritykset perustuvat kotimyyntitoimintaan. Kotimyynti on jo pitkään auttanut ihmisiä kasvattamaan myyntitaitojaan sekä tarjonnut heille lisäansioita. Opinnäytetyön tarkoitus on tarkastella kotimyyntikonseptin tuomia mahdollisuuksia pienessä luonnonkosmetiikan yrityksessä. Opinnäytetyön toiminnallisena osuutena toteutettiin opas turkulaiselle maahantuonti- ja verkkokauppayritys OrganicYou:lle. Tiedosto sisältää keskustelupalstojen analysointia, inspiroivaa ja visuaalista markkinointimateriaalia sekä suoramyyntiyritysten toiminnan tarkastelua. Merkityksellisimmät tuotoksen osat koostuvat johtopäätöksistä sekä esimerkkisuunnitelmasta. Työssä on hyödynnetty monipuolisesti kirja- ja nettilähteitä markkinoinnista, suoramyyntiyrityksistä sekä markkinoinnin työkaluista. Kotimyynti ei välttämättä ole tuottoisin osa pienen yrityksen toimintaa. Oikean kilpailuedun myötä se nostaa tuotesarjan sekä pääyrityksen tunnettuutta. Kotimyynti osakseen voi auttaa asiakkaita kiinnostumaan urasta kosmetiikan parissa. Pitkällä tähtäimellä konsepti saattaa tuoda jatkuvia tuottoja pääyritykselle.Most of the famous direct selling companies are based on home sales. It has helped people to improve their selling skills and provided them some extra perk. The aim of this thesis is to survey possibilities that home sales concept will bring to a small natural cosmetics company. Thesis’ functional part has fulfilled as a guide to OrganicYou. The guide’s aim is to help increase the sales in OrganicYou, which is a small importer and webshop company in Turku. The file consists of analysis based on Internet forums, inspiring visual marketing materials and surveys of the existing direct selling companies. The most important parts are the conclusions, which help to understand how the concept would work in OrganicYou. It also has an example of the home sales plan based on those conclusions. This thesis has required versatile sources of marketing, direct selling and different kind of marketing tools. Home sales might not be the most profitable way, when utilized in a small company. With the right competitive advantage it still increases the product lines’ and the main company’s conspicuousness. Home sales might help customers to find an interest and gain profit in cosmetics industry. In a long run it might bring constant income to the main company

Leprosy frequency in the world, 1999-2010

In 1991, the World Health Organization (WHO) committed to reducing the prevalence of leprosy to below 1 in 10,000 inhabitants by 2000. Significant improvements in leprosy control have occurred, but leprosy remains a public health problem in many countries due to its high incidence and rate of transmission. This paper reviews data published by the WHO in the years 2000, 2005 and 2010. These data sets included 148 countries or territories that reported to the WHO at least once. Only four countries reported higher prevalence rates in 2010 than in 2000 and eight reported higher case detection rate (CDR) in 2009 than in 1999. Prevalence rate reductions were greater for the first five-year period examined, while CDR reductions were greater in the second five-year period. Thirty-six countries and territories reported at least one prevalence value higher than 1 per 10,000 inhabitants and 32 reported at least one CDR value higher than 9 per 100,000 inhabitants. A total of 39 countries fit at least one of these criteria and all were located in tropical regions

A viagem a Portugal de Luiz Camillo

Luiz Camillo, historiador mineiro, viaja a Portugal em 1937. Em Lisboa, no Arquivo Histórico Colonial e na Torre do Tombo realiza levantamento de documentos relativos à nossa História visando a organização de um plano geral de pesquisa. Microfilma códices, documentos e livros raros e traz vasta documentação para o Brasil