Evolution of an equatorial coronal hole structure and the released coronal hole wind stream: Carrington rotations 2039 to 2050

The Sun is a highly dynamic environment that exhibits dynamic behavior on many different timescales. In particular, coronal holes exhibit temporal and spatial variability. Signatures of these coronal dynamics are inherited by the coronal hole wind streams that originate in these regions and can effect the Earth's magnetosphere. Both the cause of the observed variabilities and how these translate to fluctuations in the in situ observed solar wind is not yet fully understood. During solar activity minimum the structure of the magnetic field typically remains stable over several Carrington rotations (CRs). But how stable is the solar magnetic field? Here, we address this question by analyzing the evolution of a coronal hole structure and the corresponding coronal hole wind stream emitted from this source region over 12 consecutive CRs in 2006. To this end, we link in situ observations of Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) onboard the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) with synoptic maps of Michelson Doppler imager (MDI) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) at the photospheric level through a combination of ballistic back-mapping and a potential field source surface (PFSS) approach. Together, these track the evolution of the open field line region that is identified as the source region of a recurring coronal hole wind stream. We find that the shape of the open field line region and to some extent also the solar wind properties are influenced by surrounding more dynamic closed loop regions. We show that the freeze-in order can change within a coronal hole wind stream on small timescales and illustrate a mechanism that can cause changes in the freeze-in order. The inferred minimal temperature profile is variable even within coronal hole wind and is in particular most variable in the outer corona

Sonnenwind und neutrale Atome in der Heliosphäre: Analyse von aktuellen Daten und Vorbereitungen für zukünftige Missionen

Here we will focus on two aspects of the heliosphere, namely the slow solar wind and energetic neutral atoms. While the slow solar wind is well characterized in its parameters, the mechanisms of its origin at the Sun are not well understood. Regarding the energetic neutral atoms neither their characteristics nor their origin is well understood, since there are few direct observations of these particles. In this work on the hand we look at observational data of the slow solar wind and combine this with a model of the coronal magnetic field in order to better understand its origin. On the other hand we prepare future missions for the measurement of the source regions of the slow solar wind and the observation of heliospheric neutral particles. The observational data covered here was taken by the Ulysses and ACE spacecraft and it is combined with a Potential Field Source Surface ( PFSS ) model that gives us the magnetic field line configuration in the corona. From this we draw conclusions about the mechanism that might release the plasma which makes up the slow solar wind. To support the upcoming Solar Orbiter mission we devised a measurement scheme for the Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment ( SPICE ) instrument which will enable the remote observation of solar wind plasma at its source location and the in-situ measurement of the very same plasma package with in-situ particle detectors. This kind of observation will hopefully greatly improve our understanding of the formation of slow solar wind. And finally we help prepare the foundation of future missions that measure the neutral component in the heliosphere by establishing a calibration facility for he- liospheric particle detectors. Part of this facility are Faraday cups which measure the particle beams. These Faraday cups have been calibrated for the detection of neutral particles and serve now as reference detectors for future neutral particle detectors.Wir werden uns hier auf den langsamen Sonnenwind und energiereiche neutrale Atome fokusieren. Während der langsame Sonnenwind in seinen Eigenschaften gut charakterisiert ist, ist sein Ursprung auf der Sonne nicht gut verstanden. Im Falle der energiereichen neutralen Atome sind weder ihr genauen Eigenschaften noch ihr Ursprung gut verstanden. In dieser Arbeit werden wir uns zum einen Beobachtungsdaten des langsamen Sonnenwindes anschauen und diese mit einem Modell des koronalen Magnetfelds kombinieren um seinen Ursprung besser zu verstehen. Zum anderen werden wir Vorberei- tungen für zukünfitge Missionen treffen um diesen die Beobachtung der Quellregionen des langsamen Sonnenwindes und energiereicher neutraler Teilchen zu ermöglichen. Die in dieser Arbeit benutzten Beobachtungen wurden von den Sonden Ulysses und ACE aufgenommen und mit einem so genannten Potential Field Source Surface ( PFSS ) Modell verknüpft. Dieses Modell simuliert das Magnetfeld in der Ko- rona. Damit können wir Schlussfolgerungen über die möglichen Mechanismen ziehen, die für die Freisetzung des Plasmas verantwortlich sind, welches den langsamen Sonnenwind ausmacht. Für die geplante Mission Solar Orbiter haben wir ein Messschema für das SPICE Instrument entworfen. Dieses wird es ermöglichen das Sonnenwindplasma an seiner Quellregion auf der Sonne zu beobachten. Das selbe Plasmapacket wird dann ein weiteres mal in-situ mit einem Partikeldetektor auf Solar Orbiter detektiert. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit haben wir geholfen ein Fundament für zukünftige Missio- nen zu legen, die die neutrale Teilchenkomponente in der Heliosphäre messen werden, indem der Aufbau einer Kalibrationseinrichtung für heliosphärische Teilchendetektoren unterstüzt wurde. Teil dieser Einrichtung sind Faraday Cups, die dafür genutzt werden die erzeugten Teilchenstrahlen zu messen. Die Faraday Cups wurden in dieser Arbeit für die Detektion von neutralen Teilchen kalibriert und dienen nun als Referenzdetektoren

The emergence of a translocal community : the case of a South Lebanese village and its migrant connections to Ivory Coast

During the last decades international migration has changed in form and nature. It is less frequently one-directional, but more often characterised by multi-layered, complex processes.Taking the empirical case of a South Lebanese village and its translocal migrant connections, A. J. wants to show in this paper how and by what means people at home and abroad are involved in constructing their 'village beyond borders'. In the presented case people's daily lives are strongly linked as in times of accelerated globalization, communication technology, transportation and broadcasting systems facilitate social interaction despite geographical distance. It will be argued that not only people move but with them and independently from them goods as well as social and religious events. In this process a 'translocal community-in-the-making' emerges from the practices and identities of transnationally connected social actors residing within Lebanon as well in Lebanese migrant communities worldwide

Locality in Lebanon Between Home and Homepage

By going through this wonderful website, I saw myself walking the street of my village long time ago with my cousins. That was the best time of my life.' 'It gives me a big pleasure to belong to the big family of Joun. I will always have the wonderful days in my memory and my heart that I spent in this dear village. These memories I will pass on to my children and grandchildren.' 'Proud to be a Jouni. It is a wonderful page that reminds me of my village.' These are a few comments found in the visitors book of the homepage of a Lebanese village called Joun (http://joun.leb.net)

Lebanese traders in Cotonou: A socio-cultural analysis of economic mobility and capital accumulation

Passenger cars and other small vehicles have for a long time been the backbone of transport in west Africa. The cars are usually second-hand, and they are sourced on overseas car markets, mostly in western Europe. During the 1990s the port town of Cotonou, Bénin, became one of the most prominent hubs in this car trade: car markets mushroomed, attracting large numbers and a wide variety of traders - including a prominent contingent of Lebanese. This article discusses the role of these Lebanese traders in the car trade through a reconstruction of their careers. It reveals that Lebanese business, which can go through a rapid succession of different economic activities, starts as kin-based enterprise, but gradually incorporates peers and friends. Close analysis of this practice suggests that Lebanese immigrant traders are to a large extent driven by the ideal of enjoying life by adopting an expatriate lifestyle

Hadeln und Wursten Eine Perzeptionsstudie ueber die Lebensbedingungen in nicht gefoerderten Orten des noerdlichen Elbe-Weser-Winkels

TIB: DO 6633 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Journeys into the past : German 'roots tourism' on the Curonian Spit

Nuo 1990 metų daug vokiečių turistų keliauja į buvusias Vokietijos žemes Rytų Europoje, iš kur Antrojo pasaulinio karo metu jie patys ar jų giminaičiai turėjo priverstinai išsikelti. Viena tokių vietovių – Nida (vok. Nidden) Kuršių nerijoje, istorinėse Rytų Prūsijos žemėse. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiamos ir apibendrinamos šiame mieste darytų retrospektyvinių „tėviškės turizmo“ (vok. Heimattourismus) tyrimų išvados. Minėti Nidos turistai nėra vien „tėviškės turizmo“ turistai siaurąja šios sampratos prasme. Tai ne vien tie vokiečiai, kurie yra gimę ar augę Kuršių nerijos apylinkėse. Kartu su jais dažnai čia atvyksta ir jų vaikai bei anūkai, kurių vaikystė prabėgo jau pokarinėje Vokietijoje. Dar daugiau – jų gretose yra ir vokiečių, neturinčių istorinių sąsajų su Kuršių nerija, bet aktyviai besidominčių vokiškojo kultūros paveldo apraiškomis visoje Rytų Europoje. Kai kurie jų yra lankęsi Nidoje savo vaikystės laikais, dar prieš prasidedant Antrajam pasauliniam karui. Tuomet Nida buvo populiarus turistinės traukos centras, garsėjęs tiek čia nuolat atvykstančiomis iškiliomis meno ir intelektualinėmis asmenybėmis, tiek ir paprastų vokiečių, ten ieškančių bei randančių poilsį bei ramybę, gausa. Remiantis etnografinio pobūdžio tyrimais Nidoje, bandoma rasti atsakymus į esminį klausimą, – kas tebetraukia minėtus įvairių kultūrinių ir istorinių patirčių vokiečius į šias vietoves ir kaip jie patys vertina čia įgytas naujas patirtis? Kaip kiti lietuvių ir vokiečių turistai vertina „tėviškės turizmo“ fenomeną? Kaip šis turizmas leidžia palyginti idealizuotas tokio gyvenimo rekonstrukcijas su realybe? Minint Hertha'os Pietsch, garbaus amžiaus vokietės, atvejį, kai ji po 60 metų pirmą kartą sugrįžo aplankyti savo gimtinės Nidoje, aprašoma, kokias emocijas ir prisiminimus viešniai sukėlė po daugelio metų įvykęs šis vizitas. Ryškūs vietinės gamtos vaizdai, aromatai, garsai, reljefas jai iškilo vaikystės laikų prisiminimuose ir atsikartojo dabarties įspūdžiuose. Galimybė pasitikrinti šias jaunystės vizijas šių laikų realybėje, dar kartą išgyventi fatališkas karo ir pokario laikų nuotaikas, skaudžias priverstinės emigracijos patirtis leido jai naujai įvertinti daugelį jos asmeninių praeities ir dabarties gyvenimo realijų. O tokios realijos daugeliu aspektų atitinka visos jos kartos bendraamžių istorinės gyvensenos patirtis, atsiskleidžiančias atskirais istoriniais šio krašto tarpsniais – Vokietijos imperija (iki Pirmojo pasaulinio karo); Lietuvos Respublika (1923-1939); nacistinė Vokietija (1939-1944); sovietmetis (1945-1990) ir Lietuvos nepriklausomybės laikai (nuo 1990). [...] Reikšminiai žodžiai: Atmintis; Mitologija; Neringa; Nida; Nostalgija; Tėviškės turizmas; Vokietija (Germany); Vietos mitologizavimas; Curonian spit; Geman; Mythologization of the place; Lithuania; Meaning; Nostalgy; Place-myth; Routs tourismSince 1990 many Germans travel to the former German regions in Eastern Europe from which they or their relatives had been displaced in the course of World War II. Studying the case of Nida on the Curonian Spit in Lithuania – the former Nidden in East Prussia and the Memel district, respectively – the article examines the role of 'roots-tourism' {Heimattourismus) for the visitors as well as for the town Nida. Visits to the former homeland spark the examination of one's own life story. This enables the former inhabitants to overcome their homesickness so that they gradually become 'normal' tourists. In this process they reinforce the 'place-myth' of this region as an idyllic paradise at the Baltic Sea. Tourism, thus, provides for continuity by reconstructing the past in the mind of the visitors as well as in the tourist place. The article points out how the tourism industry tunes its ears to the visitors' demands and offers different approaches to the past