Some notes on two Greek inscriptions from Montenegro

V članku sta ponovno predstavljena grška napisa, odkrita v obalnih mestih Perast in Ulcinj v Črni gori. Že v primarni objavi sta bila napisa ovrednotena kot pomemben historični vir, a zaradi manjkajočih in nenatančnih najdiščnih in kronoloških podatkov je bila vrednost obeh zgodovinskih dokumentov omejena. Avtorja v prispevku podajata revidirano branje in novo interpretacijo obeh napisov ter drugačno datacijo spomenikov. Napis iz Perasta je posvetilo cestnih stražnikov in njihovega poveljnika, verjetno izvira iz grško govorečega mesta na južnem Jadranu. Oltar iz Ulcinja, napisan v dorskem dialektu, je združenje kamnosekov postavilo Artemidi ubijalki jelenov. Od kod spomenik izvira, ni znano. Paleografski, lingvistični in historični argumenti kažejo na kasnejši čas izdelave, kot se je sprva domnevalo, tj. na čas okoli 1. st. pr. n. št.This paper discusses two Greek inscriptions found in the modern-day Montenegro, in the coastal towns of Perast and Ulcinj. Already at the time of their initial publications the inscriptions were recognized as valuable historical documents. In spite of this, their usage as historical sources was limited, because their proper geographical and chronological context was lacking. In this paper we offer updated reading and interpretation of the texts, as well as an alternative dating to those that have been proposed previously. The dedication (?) from Perast was erected by peripoloi (patrolmen) and must have originated from a Greek speaking town along the southern Adriatic. The altar from Ulcinj, dedicated to Artemis Elaphabolos (the Deer Slayer), was made by an association of stone-cutters, who must have come from a Doric speaking settlement. The combined weight of paleographical, linguistic and historical evidence points to the later date for the inscriptions than it was previously assumed, most likely ca. 1st century BC

Društvo Lidije i Frigije od 1. do 3. veka n.e.

Tema ove doktorske teze su društveni slojevi u maloazijskim oblastima Lidiji i Frigiji tokom prva tri veka n. e. Istraživanje je podjednako posvećeno gradskom i seoskom stanovništvu i obuhvata sve društvene slojeve koji su ostavili trag u narativnim i dokumentarnim izvorima, od pripadnika senatskog staleža do robova. U skladu sa podacima koje pružaju izvori razmatran je društveni status i uspon najbogatijih porodica u ovim oblastima, pravni status pripadnika domaćeg i pridošlog stanovništva i posledice Karakalinog Edikta o davanju rimskog gradjanskog prava svim slobodnim stanovnicima Carstva, profesionalna zanatlijska udruženja, porodična struktura i porodični život, zanimanja, kultni personal i uloga religije u privatnom i društvenom zivotu, pismenost i stepen kulturnog razvoja. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se detaljno prouči društvo jednog velikog i značajnog dela provincije Azije u vreme njegovog najvećeg ekonomskog i kulturnog uspona. Deskripcija nije bila dovoljna, stoga neće biti prezentovani samo opis i analiza situacije u ovim izuzetno važnim oblastima, nego su upoređivane i međusobno, a na nekim mestima i sa ostalim delovima antičke Male Azije. Jedan od fokusa ove teze je socijalna dinamika, intra- i inter- generacijska mobilnost. Ova interakcija može upućivati i na porodične veze, domaćinstva, bračne i rođačke veze, kao i druge interakcije. Na sve ove načine pojedinci su povezani u slojeve koji stvaraju sistem društvene stratifikacije. Poseban istraživački izazov je pitanje istraživanja demografije u Lidiji i Frigiji. Metod istraživanja se prvenstveno zasniva na sveobuhvatnom proučavanju istorijskih izvora, kako dokumentarnih tako i narativnih, mada najviše na analizi epigrafskog materijala (korpus natpisa u Lidiji i Frigiji ima oko 4500 natpisa). Promene koje su nastale padom dinastije Atalida i dolaskom Rimljana na prostor Male Azije, uticale su i na stanovnike tamošnjih provincija na različite načine. Novi politički i ekonomski uslovi omogućili su stvaranje nove društvene organizacije. Rimska vlast u Maloj Aziji je donela mnoge promene, pa i u društvenoj hijerarhiji. Procvat provincije Azije u drugom veku n. e, ogleda se i u sve većem broju novih senatora sa Istoka (homines novi). Bilo je nekoliko senatorskih porodica u Lidiji i Frigiji, prvenstveno u Sardu, Tijateri, Tralu, Akmoneji, Atudi, Aizanoi i Laodikeji na Likosu. Obrazovanje i poreklo su bili najbolja preporuka za nove senatore. Većina ih je dugo i pažljivo gradila karijeru, poput Tiberija Klaudija Celza Polemaeana iz Sarda i Marka Gneja Licinija Rufina iz Tijatere. Svi su poreklom iz Male Azije, a većinom su se ženili ćerkama porodica istog ili sličnog statusa. Sinovi su uglavnom nastavljali karijere u velikim centrima poput Efesa, Pergama i Rima. I pored toga, veze sa oblastima, gradovima iz kojih su potekli su ostale čvrste, što se vidi iz sačuvanih natpisa. Samo su senatori i pripadnici konjičkog staleža bili „romanizovani― u pravom smislu te reči i samo se među njima može pratiti rasprostranjenost latinskog jezika. Osim potomaka rimskih kolonista na Istoku, ovako nešto ne bi moglo da se kaže ni za pripadnike gradske elite, a još manje za niže društvene grupe. Mala Azija je oduvek bila pogodno tle za proučavanje porekla i uticaja bogatih porodica u grčko-rimskim gradovima, kao i njihovih međusobnih veza. Epigrafski spomenici, poput počasnih natpisa, dedikacija i nadgrobnih spomenika, donose najviše informacija o istaknutim porodicama u oblastima Lidije i Frigije. Obilje podataka ukazuje na to koliko su bili složeni odnosi među različitim porodicama i koliko je njihov uticaj bio rasprostranjen. Na osnovu izvora mogu se nazreti obrisi mreže dominantnih porodica koje su iznedrile vladajuću elitu u gradovima, a kasnije i senatore i konzule koju su stvarali svoju karijeru u istočnim provincijama u skladu sa postojećom tradicijom Rimskog carstva. Stiče se utisak da su ugledne porodice Lidije i Frigije težile ka većim centrima, pogotovo primorskim, jonskim gradovima. U proseku, porodice su svoj uspon doživljavale tokom tri generacije, a funkcije koje su vršili u tom periodu se ponavljaju u istoriji svake od njih. Proučavanje istaknutih porodica u sklopu šireg društvenog i ekonomskog konteksta i proučavanje društvene mobilnosti vodi ka boljem razumevanju opštih istorijskih prilika. Posebno pitanje u radu je pitanje identifikacije titule i položaja arhijereja Azije i azijarha. Smatram da su pripadnici gradske elite bili pokretači društvene mobilnosti. Važnu ulogu u društvenom životu Lidije i Frigije imaju i profesionalna udruženja. Veliki broj počasnih i nadgrobnih natpisa pruža nam podatke o unutrašnjoj organizaciji tih udruženja i njihovom položaju u ekonomskom životu gradova. Robovi svakako čine veliku društvenu grupu, no na žalost, antički izvori se ne fokusiraju na njih. U okviru ove teze, prikazan je njihov položaj kroz ekonomske relacije stanovništva; rad robova u domaćinstvu, zanatstvu, kao i formiranje robovskih porodica.This doctoral thesis examines the social classes in Lydia and Phrygia during the first three centuries AD. The research was equally dedicated to urban and rural population and includes all social strata that have left their mark in the narrative and documentary sources, from senators to the stock of slaves. Given the information provided by the sources the thesis is dealing with the social status and the rise of the richest families in these areas, the legal status of members of the local and immigrant population and the effects of the Constitutio Antoniniana and granting Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire, professional craftsmen associations, family structure and family life, cult personnel and the role of religion in private and social life, literacy and level of cultural development. The aim of the research was to study in detail a large and significant part of the province of Asia at the time of its greatest economic and cultural prosperity. The regions were compared with each other and at times with other parts of ancient Asia Minor. One of the main topics of this thesis is social dynamics, intra- and inter-generational mobility. This interaction can include family ties, household, marital ties, and other interactions. In all these ways individuals are linked into classes that create a system of social stratification. Demography of Lydia and Phrygia presented a special challenge. The research method is primarily based on a comprehensive study of historical sources, both documentary and narrative, although epigraphic material largely prevails (there are about 4500 published inscriptions from Lydia and Phrygia so far). Changes emerging at the end of the rule of the Attalid dynasty and the arrival of the Romans in Asia Minor affected the local residents in different ways. New political and economic conditions enabled the creation of a new social organization. Roman power in Asia Minor brought significant changes to the social hierarchy. The prosperous period in the history of the province of Asia, during the 2nd century AD, is marked by the growing number of new senators from the East (homines novi). There were several senatorial families in Lydia and Phrygia, primarily from Sardeis, Thyateira, Tralleis, Akmoneia, Attouda, Aizanoi and Laodikeia on Lykos. Education and origin were the best recommendation for new senators. Most of them build a career long and carefully, like Tiberius Claudius Celsus Polemaeanus from Sardeis and Marcus Gnaeus Licinius Rufinus from Thyateira. All originated from Asia Minor, and most of them married daughters from the families of the same or similar status. Sons usually continued their careers in urban centers such as Ephesos, Pergamon and Rome. Nevertheless, epigraphic evidence clearly shows that the connections with their homeland, cities from which they originated remained strong. Only senators and members of the equestrian order were "Romanized" in the true sense of the word. Apart from the descendants of Roman colonists in the East, something like this could not be said for members of the municipal elite, and even less for the lower social groups. Asia Minor has produced ample evidence for studying the origin and influence of wealthy families in the Greco-Roman cities, as well as their mutual relationships. Epigraphic monuments, such as honorary inscriptions, dedications and tombstones, yield most information about the prominent families in the areas of Lydia and Phrygia. Abundant information indicates how complex relationships among different families were and how their influence was widespread. Based on the sources we can discern the outlines of the network of dominant families that spawned the ruling elite in the cities, and later the senators and consuls that were building their careers in the eastern provinces in accordance with the existing tradition of the Roman Empire. One gets the impression that prominent families of Lydia and Phrygia inclined toward larger centers, especially coastal, Ionian cities. Generally speaking, families have experienced their rise over three generations, and offices they held in this period are repeated in the history of each of them. The study of prominent families within wider social and economic context and the study of social mobility lead to a better understanding of general historical circumstances. I believe that members of the urban elite were the initiators of social mobility. Professional associations had an important role in the social life of Phrygia and Lydia. A large number of honorary and funerary inscriptions provide information about the internal organization of these associations and their position in the economic life of the cities. Slaves certainly form a significant social group, but unfortunately, the ancient sources, especially narrative ones, do not focus on them. Using mainly epigraphic evidence, I have attempted to study their position in households, including the formation of slave families, as well as their role in economic life of Lydia and Phrygia

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