Violence Against Women and Ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence by the Republic of Albania

Nowadays, violence against women knows no boundaries. Every day, around the world, one out of three women, according to the statistics, is violated. Violence against women (and girls) is a human rights violation occurring globally. It includes rape, domestic violence, women being beaten and killed by their husband, women victims of human trafficking and more. The United Nations defines violence against women as “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life.” Violence against women has several forms of manifestation, out of which the ones that are mostly encountered by are violence exerted by the partner/husband/spouse and sexual violence. Historically, violence against women is a manifestation of unequal relations between women and men, which have led to domination over, and discrimination against, women by men and to the prevention of the full advancement of women. Women and girls are often exposed to serious forms of violence such as domestic violence, sexual harassment, rape, forced marriage, crimes committed in the name of so‐called “Honour” and genital mutilation, which constitute a serious violation of the human rights, especially of women and girls. This is an obstacle to the achievement of equality between women and men.Keywords: convention, prevention, violence, woman, child, measures against violence, Criminal Law/Code, criminal sentences (convictions), ratification, etc

Elimination of Administrative Barriers through Offering Public Services to One Office

One of the main challenges of this millennium today is to promote innovation in governance, in order to create a future for all citizens worldwide.83 This means that governments have opportunities to use new technologies in decision-making, (such as, for example, e-government) and provide as much public on-line services, because this is the only way to minimize corruption and increase transparency and achieve effective, efficient and participatory governance. These expectations for good governance, are not just aspirations of developing countries around the world but are one of the most important objectives of the Albanian government. To realize good governance, it is important to undertake quality reforms in the direction of the good administration and public administration. Provision of public services such as health and social insurance, education, health, criminal justice, etc., are key objectives for the government, since individuals in a society are very interested in taking advantage of these services and the quality of their delivery depends on by measures taken by the government for the way it offers them. Public services offer the main confrontation between individuals, society and the state and offering them timely, efficiently, qualitatively, transparency, accountability, of course, all these increasing the confidence of society in the quality of governance and their expectations in this regard. Thus, Albania has made progress towards fulfilling the reforms undertaken by the public administration, apparently in terms of creating incentives for doing business. In this study, attention is paid to the legislative measures taken by the Albanian government, public administration reform, simplification of administrative procedures in terms of doing business, removal of administrative barriers through the provision of public services with an office, etc.Keywords: public services with an office, state administration, sectoral laws, transparency, efficiency, new technology, decision-making  process, etc

Explicit and Implicit Attitudes towards Prisoners: The Impact of Level of Contact

Objective: Prisoners and ex-prisoners face overt and covert forms of prejudice and discrimination (e.g., barriers to employment, housing, healthcare, voting rights). Fueling this prejudice and discrimination are implicit and explicit negative attitudes towards prisoners. Negative implicit and explicit attitudes play a major role into successful reintegration into society post-release. The purpose of this study was to examine if exposure to prisoners/ex-prisoners and political affiliation influence implicit and explicit attitudes. Method: Participants (n = 73) completed a prisoner Implicit Association Test (IAT). Then, participants completed the explicit measures, Social Distance Scale, Attribute Questionnaire, Belief in Redeemability, Attitudes Towards Prisoners, and Prosociality Towards Ex-prisoners. Lastly, participants completed the Level of Contact Report and the demographics questionnaire. Results: Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted examining if level of contact, political affiliation, social distance desirability, and implicit attitudes were predictive of explicit and implicit attitudes towards prisoners as predicted. Multiple regression analyses determined that political affiliation, level of contact, and implicit attitudes were predictive of social distance desirability. Implicit attitudes were predictive of attitudes towards prisoners. Implicit attitudes and social distance desirability were predictive of perceived dangerousness. Social distance desirability was predictive of belief in redeemability, prosocial motivation, and implicit attitudes. Conclusion: The present study confirms that there are factors that influence explicit and implicit attitudes towards prisoners and ex-prisoners. At the societal level, the results of this study have implications for how exposure, political affiliation, and social distance desirability influences recidivism rates by limiting prisoners’ and ex-prisoners’ social supports and increasing barriers to various domains of successful reintegration (e.g., housing, employment). The present study discusses important implications for exposure to this population and successful reintegration as well as future directions for research

Anaerobic co-digestion of acetate-rich with lignin-rich wastewater and the effect of hydrotalcite addition

The methane potential and biodegradability of different ratios of acetate and lignin-rich effluents from a neutral sulfite semi-chemical (NSSC) pulp mill were investigated. Results showed ultimate methane yields up to 333 ± 5 mL CH4/gCOD when only acetate-rich substrate was added and subsequently lower methane potentials of 192 ± 4 mL CH4/gCOD when the lignin fraction was increased. The presence of lignin showed a linear decay in methane production, resulting in a 41% decrease in methane when the lignin-rich feed had a 30% increase. A negative linear correlation between lignin content and biodegradability was also observed. Furthermore, the effect of hydrotalcite (HT) addition was evaluated and showed increase in methane potential of up to 8%, a faster production rate and higher soluble lignin removal (7–12% higher). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies between 64 and 83% were obtained for all samples.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

New alternative energy pathway for chemical pulp mills: from traditional fibers to methane production

Chemical pulp mills have a need to diversify their end-product portfolio due to the current changing bio-economy. In this study, the methane potential of brown, oxygen delignified and bleached pulp were evaluated in order to assess the potential of converting traditional fibers; as well as microcrystalline cellulose and filtrates; to energy. Results showed that high yields (380 mL CH4/gVS) were achieved with bleached fibers which correlates with the lower presence of lignin. Filtrates from the hydrolysis process on the other hand, had the lowest yields (253 mL CH4/gVS) due to the high amount of acid and lignin compounds that cause inhibition. Overall, substrates had a biodegradability above 50% which demonstrates that they can be subjected to efficient anaerobic digestion. An energy and cost estimation showed that the energy produced can be translated into a significant profit and that methane production can be a promising new alternative option for chemical pulp mills.Postprint (author's final draft

The Imprisonment Punishment as the Last Means Against the Minor Convicts in Compliance with the Exemption from Judicial Procedures

The justice system in our country, as in many other countries, is trying to change and reform, moving from a punitive approach to a system that values restorative justice embraces the principles of rehabilitation and reintegration into society and the implementation of alternative measures against imprisonment, seeing the limitation of juvenile delinquency only as a last resort. Progress in this direction was also marked by the adoption of the Juvenile Justice Code. This Code considers detention of juveniles only as a last resort and sanctions alternative measures for children in conflict with the law. The Code brings the juvenile justice system in compliance with the Constitution, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and international standards, and other international norms aimed at protecting the juvenile and the effective protection of the highest interests of the juvenile. One of the international standards of juvenile justice is the use of imprisonment as a last resort and reintegration as a goal of the justice system. Justice should be gentle with children and be on their side. Freedom of liberty as a last resort and for a short period of time is clearly expressed and dealt with in international acts, which I have previously dealt with in some other scientific works. What is important and what I would like to present in this article in terms of applying the "punishment of imprisonment" measure is to know about the implementation of legal provisions in favor of juvenile justice and the relevant gaps. This is done by focusing primarily on national legislation

The influence of the Czechoslovak and Soviet communist regime on the operation of the Christian Peace Conference and its president J.L. Hromádka from the late 1950s to the late 1960s

V předkládané diplomové práci je ústředním tématem protestantský teolog Josef L. Hromádka (1889 - 1969) a Křesťanská mírová konference, která byla v Praze v roce 1958 oficiálně založena jako reakce několika pražských teologů na ohrožení světového míru v dobách nastupující studené války. Obecně můžeme prohlásit, že se tato práce zabývá vlivem, který měl tehdejší komunistický režim v Československu na práci této organizace. Odborná obec již v tomto smyslu nepochybuje o tom, že byla KMK usměrňována státním aparátem, my se však podíváme zblízka, jak přesně bylo vedení organizace komunisty úkolováno. Zjednodušeně jak režimní nomenklatura Československa, ale i jiných zemí socialistického tábora, ovlivňovala organizační, materiální, finanční, personální, ale i obsahovou stránku konference od konce 50. do konce 60. let minulého století. Ve stejném časovém rámci budeme také analyzovat interní pohled na prezidenta Hromádka československými tajnými složkami. Práce si klade za cíl určitým směrem posunout obecnou, ale i veřejnou debatu o Hromádkovi i Křesťanské mírové konferenci. Klíčová slova: Josef Lukl Hromádka, Křesťanská mírová konference, Ústřední výbor Komunistické strany Československa, Českobratrská církev evangelická, Jaroslav Němec Ondra, tajné složky, Sovětský svaz, mírová politika, Studená válka,...The main theme of this thesis is the Protestant theologian Josef L. Hromádka (1889 - 1969) and the Christian Peace Conference, which was officially founded in Prague in 1958 as of reaction of several Prague theologians to the threat to world peace during the coming Cold War. In general, we can state that this thesis deals with the influence that the then communist regime in Czechoslovakia had on the work of this organization. We can declare that the professional community no longer doubts that the CPC was directed by the state apparatus, but we will take a closer look at how exactly the leadership of the communist organization did that. In essence, how the regime nomenclature of Czechoslovakia, but also of other countries of the socialist camp, influenced the organizational, material, financial, personnel, as well as content aspects of the conference from the late 1950s to the late 1960s. We will also analyze the internal view of President Hromádka by the Czechoslovak secret services in this period of time. The thesis aims to move the scientific and public debate about Hromádka and the Christian Peace Conference. Key words: Josef Lukl Hromádka, Christian Peace Conference, Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren, Jaroslav Němec Ondra, secret...Program Dějiny moderní evropské kulturyProgramme History of Modern European CultureFakulta humanitních studiíFaculty of Humanitie

Penerapan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Entitas Sektor Publik Pada Koperasi Karyawan Nusantara Bersatu

Penerapan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Entitas Sektor Publik Pada Koperasi Karyawan Nusantara Bersatu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan standar akuntansi keuangan entitas sektor publik pada Koperasi Karyawan Nusantara Bersatu. Narasumber penelitian ini adalah Ketua Koperasi Karyawan Nusantara Bersatu. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Data diolah dengan menggunakan model Miles and Huberman yakni reduksi data, penyajian data dan verifikasi data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa laporan keuangan Koperasi Karyawan Nusantara Bersatu meliputi neraca, rugi laba dan daftar pembagian sisa hasil usaha. Sedangkan menurut standar akuntansi keuangan entitas sektor publik laporan keuangan entitas sektor publik meliputi Neraca, Laporan Laba Rugi, Laporan Perubahan Ekuitas, Laporan Arus Kas dan Catatan Atas Laporan Keuangan. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa laporan keuangan entitas Koperasi Karyawan Nusantara Bersatu dalam menyampaikan laporan keuangan entitas koperasinya, belum seluruhnya menerapkan laporan keuangan koperasi sesuai dengan standar akuntansi keuangan entitas sektor publik yakni baru dua tahap sesuai dengan sandar akuntnsi keuangan entitas sektor publik yakni neraca dan laporan laba Rugi

The Imprisonment Punishment as the Last Means Against the Minor Convicts in Compliance with the Exemption from Judicial Procedures

The justice system in our country, as in many other countries, is trying to change and reform, moving from a punitive approach to a system that values restorative justice embraces the principles of rehabilitation and reintegration into society and the implementation of alternative measures against imprisonment, seeing the limitation of juvenile delinquency only as a last resort. Progress in this direction was also marked by the adoption of the Juvenile Justice Code. This Code considers detention of juveniles only as a last resort and sanctions alternative measures for children in conflict with the law. The Code brings the juvenile justice system in compliance with the Constitution, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and international standards, and other international norms aimed at protecting the juvenile and the effective protection of the highest interests of the juvenile. One of the international standards of juvenile justice is the use of imprisonment as a last resort and reintegration as a goal of the justice system. Justice should be gentle with children and be on their side. Freedom of liberty as a last resort and for a short period of time is clearly expressed and dealt with in international acts, which I have previously dealt with in some other scientific works. What is important and what I would like to present in this article in terms of applying the "punishment of imprisonment" measure is to know about the implementation of legal provisions in favor of juvenile justice and the relevant gaps. This is done by focusing primarily on national legislation.Keywords: imprisonment sentence, minor offense, crime, criminal offense, juvenile justice, rehabilitation, etc

Ingrid Schellbach-Kopra. Zwei Finnen brauchen keinen Dolmetscher. Finnische Sprichwörter. (Berlin 2011) – (Pekka Hakamies)

Zwei Finnen brauchen keinen Dolmetscher. Finnische Sprichwörter. By Ingrid Schellbach-Kopra. Berlin: Frank & Timme, 2011. Pp. 285