Halitose : causas, definição, diagnóstico e tratamento

Halitose ou mau odor oral é um problema amplo, de causa multifatorial que afeta grande parte da população, seja de forma transitória ou persistente. A halitose considerada patológica, pode ser de origem intra ou extra bucal. Intra bucal, devido entre outras causas, ao acumulo de placa, saburra lingual e doença periodontal e extra bucal à alterações respiratórias, desordens gastrointestinais e metabólicas. Também pode ser classificada como pseudo halitose, quando o indivíduo se queixa, mas não há evidencias, ou halitose fisiológica que é considerada normal e a maioria das pessoas sentem ao acordar. Existem vários métodos de diagnóstico que podem ser usados para confirmar a presença de halitose e o seu tratamento visa à remoção da causa, se iniciando muitas vezes, com uma boa limpeza da cavidade oral e instrução de higiene. Esse estudo reve artigos referentes a halitose e faz um resumo geral sobre sua definição, principais causas encontradas, classificação, métodos de diagnóstico e tratamento.Halitosis or oral malodor is a wider problem caused by multiple factors affecting large populations, either transient or persistent. Halitosis considered pathological, can be intra or extra oral. Intra-oral, because among other reasons, the accumulation of plaque, tongue coating and periodontal disease and extra oral for respiratory disorders, gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders. It can also be classified as pseudo halitosis, when an individual complains, but there is no evidence, or physiological halitosis, that is considered normal and most people feel when they wake up. There are several diagnostic tests that can be used to confirm the presence of halitosis and its treatment aims at removing the cause, often starting with a good cleaning and oral hygiene instruction. This study revealed articles on halitosis and is a general summary of its definition, found the main causes, classification, diagnostics and treatment

Masticatory behaviour of overweight and obese adolescents

Orientador: Paula Midori Castelo FerruaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: Aspectos fisiológicos e comportamentais da mastigação podem influir no estado nutricional, o que tem sido pouco explorado em estudos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar aspectos objetivos, subjetivos e comportamentais da função mastigatória em 231 adolescentes (112?/119?), com idades entre 14 e 17 anos, escolares da rede pública do município de Piracicaba (SP) e comparar estes parâmetros entre aqueles com peso normal (n=115) e com sobrepeso ou obesidade (n=116). O exame físico envolveu as medidas de estatura, peso, massa de gordura e massa de músculo esquelético corporal por meio de um estadiômetro digital e impedância bioelétrica, classificando-os em eutrofia, sobrepeso e obesidade. A saúde dentária e oclusão morfológica também foram avaliadas. As avaliações objetivas foram realizadas pelo Protocolo de Avaliação Miofuncional Orofacial expandido (AMIOFE-e), que verifica o tipo (lado) mastigatório, tempo/frequência mastigatória, alteração nos movimentos, entre outros; performance mastigatória pelo método colorimétrico (goma de mascar) e mensuração da máxima força de mordida unilateral por meio de gnatodinamômetro digital. Já a avaliação da qualidade mastigatória foi realizada por meio do instrumento validado Questionário de Avaliação da Qualidade da Mastigação (QAQM), o qual verificou aspectos subjetivos e comportamentais. Os dados foram submetidos a testes de normalidade, qui-quadrado e teste "t" não-pareado e Mann-Whitney. Um modelo de regressão linear múltipla foi utilizado para avaliar a contribuição das variáveis em estudo na variação na porcentagem de gordura corporal (?=0,05). Os resultados mostraram que o escore total do AMIOFE-e diferiu significativamente entre os adolescentes de peso normal e com sobrepeso/obesidade em ambos os sexos, ou seja, indivíduos com sobrepeso/obesidade apresentaram mais alterações nos aspectos miofuncionais oro-faciais. Nas meninas, a mastigação unilateral foi mais freqüente no grupo sobrepeso/obesidade. Também, meninas com excesso de peso apresentaram maiores escores nos domínios `¿Hábitos¿¿ e `¿Frutas¿¿ da avaliação subjetiva da qualidade da mastigação (maior dificuldade na função mastigatória); elas também relataram a necessidade de adicionar molho à refeição para facilitar a deglutição e o hábito de descascar e cortar frutas (maçãs) em pedaços pequenos, a fim de facilitar a mastigação. O escore total do AMIOFE-e também mostrou uma relação significativa com o percentual de gordura corporal. A performance mastigatória avaliada por meio de goma de mascar e a força de mordida não diferiram entre os grupos. Este estudo mostrou que adolescentes com excesso de peso apresentaram alterações no comportamento mastigatório e maior dificuldade para realizar a função quando comparados com indivíduos com peso normalAbstract: The physiological and behavioral aspects of masticatory function may have an impact on nutritional status, which has been little studied. The aim was to perform a comprehensive evaluation of objective, subjective and behavioral aspects of masticatory function in 231 adolescents (112?/119?), aged 14-17 years, from public Schools of Piracicaba (SP, Brazil) and compare these parameters between normal-weight (n=115) and overweight/obese (n=116) adolescents. The physical examination involved measurements of stature, weight, body fat mass and skeletal muscle mass using digital stadiometer and bioelectric impedance. Dental health and occlusion were also assessed. The objective evaluations were performed by using the protocol Oro-facial Myofunctional Evaluation expanded (OMES-e), which determines the masticatory type, chewing time/frequency, abnormal movements, and other; masticatory performance (color changeable chewing gum) and maximum bite force. The subjective and behavioral evaluations were performed by the Quality of Mastication Function Questionnaire, a validated questionnaire which explores the masticatory behavior and frequency/intensity of difficulty in chewing different types of foods. Results were submitted to normality tests, Chi-square, unpaired t-test and Mann-Whitney. A multiple linear regression model was used to evaluate which of the variables under study contributed to the variation in Percent Body Fat (?=0.05). The results showed that OMES-e total score differed significantly between normal-weight and overweight/obese adolescents in both genders, that is, overweight/obese individuals showed more changes in oro-facial myofunctional aspects than normal-weight ones. Unilateral mastication was more frequent among overweight/obese than normal-weight females. Females with weight excess also showed higher scores on Habits and Fruit domains in the subjective evaluation of masticatory quality (greater difficulty); they also reported the need of adding sauce to the meal to facilitate swallowing and peeling and cutting fruits (apples) in small pieces in order to chew them. OMES-e total score also showed a significant relationship with Percent Body Fat. Masticatory performance evaluated by chewing gum and bite force did not differ between groups. This study showed that adolescents with weight excess presented changes in masticatory behavior and greater difficulty in performing the masticatory function comparing to normal-weight onesMestradoOdontopediatriaMestra em Odontologia2014/24804-4FAPES

Chewing In Adolescents With Overweight And Obesity: An Exploratory Study With Behavioral Approach

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Physiological and behavioral aspects of masticatory function may have an impact on nutritional status, which has been little studied. The aim was to perform a comprehensive evaluation of objective, subjective and behavioral aspects of masticatory function in 231 adolescents, aged 14-17 years and compare these parameters between normal-weight (n = 115) and adolescents with overweight/obesity (n = 116). Objective aspects were examined by the Oro-facial Myofunctional Evaluation-expanded protocol (OMES-e), determining the masticatory type, chewing time/frequency, abnormal movements, and other; masticatory performance (color changeable chewing gum) and bite force were also explored. The subjective and behavioral evaluations were assessed using the Quality of Mastication Function Questionnaire, which explores the masticatory behavior and frequency/intensity of difficulty in chewing different types of foods. Results were submitted to normality tests, Chi-square, unpaired t-test and Mann-Whitney. A multiple linear regression model was used to evaluate which of the variables under study contributed to the variation in Percent Body Fat (alpha = 0.05). The results showed that OMES-e total score differed significantly between groups, that is, individuals with overweight showed more changes in oro-facial myofunctional aspects than normal-weight ones. Unilateral mastication was more frequent among females with overweight/obesity. They also showed greater difficulty on Habits and Fruit domains, reporting the need of adding sauce to the meal to facilitate swallowing and peeling and cutting fruit (apples) in small pieces in order to better chew them. OMES-e total score also showed a significant relationship with Percent Body Fat. Masticatory performance evaluated by chewing gum and bite force did not differ between groups. This study showed that adolescents with excess weight presented changes in masticatory behavior and greater difficulty in performing the masticatory function comparing to normal-weight ones. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.107527533State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, SP, Brazil) [2014/24804-4]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Lack of agreement between objective and subjective measures in the evaluation of masticatory function: A preliminary study

The evaluation of mastication is important to understand the masticatory behavior and diagnose feeding difficulties. The objective of this preliminary study was to verify if there is agreement between objective and subjective validated methods of chewing evaluation in a convenience sample which consisted of 32 adolescents (mean 15.5 years), complete permanent dentition and free of tooth decay. The Quality of Masticatory Function Questionnaire with the Food-Mastication, Habits, Meat, Fruit and Vegetables domains was used in the subjective evaluation. The objective aspects consisted of maximum bite force (BF) and masticatory performance (MP) by mastication of cubes of test-material and sieving to determine the median particle size (X-50) and distribution in the sieves ("b"), and by the colorimetric method using colorchangeable chewing gum. Data were submitted to exploratory analysis, normality test and correlation tests (Pearson/Spearman). The correlation between BF and X-50 (r = -0.43p = 0.02) and between BF and MP chewing gum. (r = 0.53p = 0.002) was significant with large effect size. The MP evaluated by chewing gum correlated with X-50 (r = 0.34p = 0.055), but not with "b" (r = -0.06p = 0.73), while "b" correlated only with X-50 (r = 0.52, p = 0.002). No significant correlation was observed between the objective measures and the total score of the subjective evaluationonly a negative correlation was observed between "b" and Meat domain (r = 0.40p = 0.023). The objective methods showed moderate correlation with each other and no agreement between the objective and subjective methods was observed in this sample of healthy adolescents, emphasizing the importance of both aspects in the evaluation of masticatory function.State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, SP, Brazil)Univ Campinas UNICAMP, Dept Pediat Dent, Campinas, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Sao Paulo, BrazilFed Univ Lavras UFLA, Dept Hlth Sci, Lavras, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Speech Therapy, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Speech Therapy, Sao Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 2014/24804-4Web of Scienc

Assessment of the differences in masticatory behavior between male and female adolescents

Chewing behavior may show sex differencesthus, the present study aimed to compare the masticatory aspects and the prediction of masticatory performance between male and female adolescents. Ninety-one healthy subjects (47 girls, 44 boys), caries-free and aged 14-17 years, were included. Masticatory performance and maximal bite force were evaluated using a color-changeable chewing gum and digital gnathodynamometer, respectively. Masticatory behavior was assessed by the subjective aspect of the quality of the masticatory function (validated questionnaire) and the Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores expanded (OMES-e) was used to determine chewing time, frequency of chewing cycles and other aspects. Salivary flow rate was also assessed. The physical examination involved measurements of facial morphometry, body weight, height, skeletal muscle mass, and dental/occlusal evaluations. It was observed that boys showed larger facial dimensions, higher bite force and chewing frequency and better masticatory performance than girls. They also showed shorter chewing time, fewer chewing cycles and lower score for OMES-e (that is, more changes in orofacial myofunctional aspects). Bite force showed a weak correlation with skeletal muscle mass only in boys (r = 0.3035p = 0.0451). The masticatory performance was dependent on the bite force in boys (Adj R-2 = 19.2%Power = 84.1%)among girls, Masticatory performance was dependent on the frequency of chewing cycles and masticatory behavior (subjective aspect) (Adj R-2 = 34.1%Power = 96.1%). The findings support the existence of sex differences in many masticatory aspects of function and behavior, hence the importance of considering sex differences when evaluating masticatory function and myofunctional therapy outcomes among young subjects. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved.State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, SP, Brazil) [2014/24804-4]Univ Campinas UNICAMP, Piracicaba Dent Sch, Dept Pediat Dent, Ave Limeira 901, BR-13414903 Piracicaba, SP, BrazilUniv Campinas UNICAMP, Piracicaba Dent Sch, Dept Morphol, Ave Limeira 901, BR-13414903 Piracicaba, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Biol Sci, Campus Diadema,R Sao Nicolau 210, BR-09913030 Diadema, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Biol Sci, Campus Diadema,R Sao Nicolau 210, BR-09913030 Diadema, SP, BrazilFAPESP:2014/24804-4Web of Scienc

Assessment of the differences in masticatory behavior between male and female adolescents

Chewing behavior may show sex differences; thus, the present study aimed to compare the masticatory aspects and the prediction of masticatory performance between male and female adolescents. Ninety-one healthy subjects (47 girls, 44 boys), caries-free and aged 14-17 years, were included. Masticatory performance and maximal bite force were evaluated using a color-changeable chewing gum and digital gnathodynamometer, respectively. Masticatory behavior was assessed by the subjective aspect of the quality of the masticatory function (validated questionnaire) and the Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores expanded (OMES-e) was used to determine chewing time, frequency of chewing cycles and other aspects. Salivary flow rate was also assessed. The physical examination involved measurements of facial morphometry, body weight, height, skeletal muscle mass, and dental/occlusal evaluations. It was observed that boys showed larger facial dimensions, higher bite force and chewing frequency and better masticatory performance than girls. They also showed shorter chewing time, fewer chewing cycles and lower score for OMES-e (that is, more changes in orofacial myofunctional aspects). Bite force showed a weak correlation with skeletal muscle mass only in boys (r = 0.3035; p = 0.0451). The masticatory performance was dependent on the bite force in boys (Adj R-2 = 19.2%; Power = 84.1%); among girls, Masticatory performance was dependent on the frequency of chewing cycles and masticatory behavior (subjective aspect) (Adj R-2 = 34.1%; Power = 96.1%). The findings support the existence of sex differences in many masticatory aspects of function and behavior, hence the importance of considering sex differences when evaluating masticatory function and myofunctional therapy outcomes among young subjects163115122FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2014/24804-

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data