Research strategies for organizational history:a dialogue between historical theory and organization theory

If history matters for organization theory, then we need greater reflexivity regarding the epistemological problem of representing the past; otherwise, history might be seen as merely a repository of ready-made data. To facilitate this reflexivity, we set out three epistemological dualisms derived from historical theory to explain the relationship between history and organization theory: (1) in the dualism of explanation, historians are preoccupied with narrative construction, whereas organization theorists subordinate narrative to analysis; (2) in the dualism of evidence, historians use verifiable documentary sources, whereas organization theorists prefer constructed data; and (3) in the dualism of temporality, historians construct their own periodization, whereas organization theorists treat time as constant for chronology. These three dualisms underpin our explication of four alternative research strategies for organizational history: corporate history, consisting of a holistic, objectivist narrative of a corporate entity; analytically structured history, narrating theoretically conceptualized structures and events; serial history, using replicable techniques to analyze repeatable facts; and ethnographic history, reading documentary sources "against the grain." Ultimately, we argue that our epistemological dualisms will enable organization theorists to justify their theoretical stance in relation to a range of strategies in organizational history, including narratives constructed from documentary sources found in organizational archives. Copyright of the Academy of Management, all rights reserved

A mutação I86F na subunidade c da enzima succinato desidrogenase aumenta a resistência à fungicidas e tem um custo adaptativo na Ferrugem Asiática da Soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi)?

Asian Soybean Rust (ASR) is the most economically important soybean disease worldwide, and can cause yield losses of up to 80%. Brazil is the second largest producer and the most important soybean exporter (CONAB, 2018), therefore any constraints to soybean production have a negative impact on the national economy. ASR management relies mainly in fungicide application, but lower sensitivity for all the current mode of action fungicides has been reported. Of twenty active ingredients that comprise the SDHI fungicides, only three of these are labeled for soybean rust disease control. The limited availability of chemical groups for ASR disease control and the resourcing time to discovery, development and registration of new fungicides makes the fungicide resistance management critical for soybean crop production. Genetic structure is of importance to understand and predict the potential for pathogen populations to evolve and adapt in agricultural ecosystems. Three contrasting strains for SDHI sensitivity - 100% I86 susceptible (S); 50% I86/50% 86F resistant (R); 100% 86F resistant - were obtained by selecting survival uredinia at high carboxamide doses. The level of resistance was determined by EC50 in detached leaf assay. Higher I86F frequencies were associated with higher SDHI concentrations. Benzovindiflupyr and Fluxapyroxad are cross resistant between each other, but EC50 values for mutants strains increased less for Fluxaproxad than for Benzovindiflupyr. Mutant strains showed a faster initial development compared with the wild- type strain, with faster germination and appressorium development, increasing the chance of successful infection. Shorter latent period and higher disease severity was observed for the heterokaryotic (H) strain when compared with both 86F (R) and I86 (S) strains. Despite the faster initial development and virulence, resistant (R) strains showed a competitive disadvantageous when mixed with the wild type (S) strains. A decrease in 86F frequency was observed during five disease cycles. The frequency of 86F allele is stable in pure culture over five disease cycles in non-treated soybean leaves.A Ferrugem Asiática da Soja (ASR) é a doença economicamente mais importante em todo o mundo, e pode causar perdas de rendimento de até 80%. O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor e o maior exportador de soja (CONAB, 2018), portanto, restrições à produção tem um impacto negativo na economia nacional. O manejo da doença depende principalmente da aplicação de fungicidas, entretanto, redução de sensibilidade para todos os fungicidas já foi reportada. Dentre os vinte ingredientes ativos que compõem os fungicidas inibidores da succinato desidrogenase (SDHI) listados no Comitê de Ação de Resistência a Fungicidas (FRAC), apenas três deles são rotulados para o controle da doença da ferrugem da soja. A disponibilidade de poucos grupos químicos para o controle da doença e o tempo para descoberta, desenvolvimento e registro de novos fungicidas tornam o manejo da resistência a fungicida crítico para a produção de soja. A estrutura genética populacional é importante para entender e prever o potencial de populações de patógenos para evoluir e se adaptar em ecossistemas agrícolas. Três isolados contrastantes para sensibilidade à SDHI - 100% I86 Selvagem (S); 50% I86/50% 86F Heterocariótico (H); 100% 86F Resistente (R) - foram obtidos a partir do isolamento de monolesões que sobreviveram a altas doses de carboxamida. O nível de resistência foi determinado por DL50 em ensaio de folhas destacadas. Frequências mais altas de mutações I86F foram associadas à resistência a maiores concentrações de fungicida. Benzovindiflupir e Fluxapiroxade apresentaram resistência cruzada entre si, mas os valores de DL50 para os isolados mutantes aumentaram menos para Fluxapiroxade do que para Benzovindiflupir. Os isolados mutantes apresentaram um desenvolvimento inicial mais rápido em comparação com o isolado sensível, com germinação e desenvolvimento de apressório mais rápidos, aumentando a chance de sucesso na infecção. Período mais curto de latênca e maior severidade foram observados para o isolado heterocariótico (H) em comparação com os isolados 86F (R) e selvagem (S). O custo adaptativo comparativo dos mutantes foi medido misturando os isolados resistentes e sensíveis e medindo a flutuação na frequência de 86F durante cinco ciclos de doença. Apesar do desenvolvimento inicial mais rápido e maior virulência, o isolado resistente (R) mostrou uma desvantagem competitiva quando foi misturado ao isolado selvagem (S) e uma redução na frequência do alelo 86F foi observada. A frequência do alelo 86F parece estável durante cinco ciclos consecutivos da doença quando cultivado sozinho em folhas de soja não tratadas com fungicida

Discrimination by Definition: The Historical and Legal Paths to the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978

The ink had barely dried on the Supreme Court\u27s 1976 opinion in General Electric Co. v. Gilbert when a coalition of women\u27s activists, feminist lawyers, civil rights groups, and labor organizations began drafting legislation to nullify the Court\u27s ruling. Shortly thereafter, Congress enacted the 1978 Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA). The PDA overturned Gilbert by amending Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to explicitly prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of pregnancy or pregnancy-related conditions. The PDA made clear once and for all that pregnancy discrimination was, by definition, sex discrimination barred by Title VII

From Legal Doctrine to Social Transformation? Comparing U.S. Voting Rights, Equal Employment Opportunity, and Fair Housing Legislation

In 1964-68, the U.S. Congress enacted comprehensive legislation prohibiting discrimination in employment (1964 Civil Rights Act), voting (1965 Voting Rights Act), and housing (1968 Fair Housing Act). A half-century later, most scholars concur that voting rights was by far the most successful, fair housing was a general failure, and Title VII fell somewhere in between. Explanations of civil rights effectiveness in political sociology that emphasize state-internal resources and capacities, policy entrepreneurship, and/or the degree of white resentment cannot explain this specific outcome hierarchy. Pertinent to President Trump's policies, the authors propose an alternative hypothesis grounded in the sociology of law: the comparative effectiveness of civil rights policies is best explained by the extent to which each policy incorporated a group-centered effects (GCE) statutory and enforcement framework. Focusing on systemic group disadvantage rather than individual harm, discriminatory consequences rather than discriminatory intent, and substantive group results over individual justice, GCE offers an alternative theoretical framework for analyzing comparative civil rights outcomes.National Science Foundation [SES-0963418]; University of Arizona Social and Behavioral Sciences Research Professorship; Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University12 month embargo; Published Online: July 2017This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]