Relay protection for lines being sleet-melted by the short-circuit method

"July 20, 1956.""Reprinted from Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 74, December 1955.""Sleet formation on transmission lines was recognized as a serious operating problem as early as 1916 and shortly thereafter methods were devised to melt sleet. In recent years various ways have been presented for connecting lines and power sources to obtain the current necessary for sleet melting. Forced loading, phase shifting, and short circuiting are utilized extensively for this purpose. Problems of relay protection during sleet melting were not specifically presented in former papers. The purpose of this paper is to present the particular problem of protection under such conditions and to propose a means of detecting faults on lines being sleet-melted by the short-circuit method."--Page 1

DOUBLE VAULT COMPOSTING LATRINES IN RURAL PARAGUAY : FEASIBLE CONSTRUCTION AND OPTIMAL USE

Water resource depletion and sanitation are growing problems around the world. A solution to both of these problems is the use of composting latrines, as it requires no water and has been recommended by the World Health Organization as an improved sanitation technology. However, little analysis has been done on the decomposition process occurring inside the latrine, including what temperatures are reached and what variables most affect the composting process. Having better knowledge of how outside variables affect composting latrines can aid development workers on the choice of implementing such technology, and to better educate the users on the appropriate methods of maintenance. This report presents a full, detailed construction manual and temperature data analysis of a double vault composting latrine. During the author’s two year Peace Corps service in rural Paraguay he was involved with building twenty one composting latrines, and took detailed temperature readings and visual observations of his personal latrine for ten months. The author also took limited temperature readings of fourteen community member’s latrines over a three month period. These data points were analyzed to find correlations between compost temperatures and several variables. The two main variables found to affect the compost temperatures were the seasonal trends of the outside temperatures, and the mixing and addition of moisture to the compost. Outside seasonal temperature changes were compared to those of the compost and a linear regression was performed resulting in a R2-value of 0.89. Mixing the compost and adding water, or a water/urine mixture, resulted in temperature increases of the compost 100% of the time, with seasonal temperatures determining the rate and duration of the temperature increases. The temperature readings were also used to find events when certain temperatures were held for sufficient amounts of time to reach total pathogen destruction in the compost. Four different events were recorded when a temperature of 122°F (50°C) was held for at least 24 hours, ensuring total pathogen destruction in that area of the compost. One event of 114.8°F (46°C) held for one week was also recorded, again ensuring total pathogen destruction. Through the analysis of the temperature data, however, it was found that the compost only reached total pathogen destruction levels during ten percent of the data points. Because of this the storage time recommendation outlined by the World Health Organization should be complied with. The WHO recommends storing compost for 1.5-2 years in climates with ambient temperatures of 2-20°C (35-68°F), and for at least 1 year with ambient temperatures of 20-35°C (68-95°F). If these storage durations are obtainable the use of the double vault composting latrine is an economical and achievable solution to sanitation while conserving water resources

\u3ci\u3eVeronica Mars\u3c/i\u3e Kickstarter and Crowd Funding

This conversation among Bertha Chin, Bethan Jones, Myles McNutt, and Luke Pebler about the Veronica Mars (2004–7) Kickstarter campaign to fund a film assesses the implications of crowd sourcing and fan labor

An α2(Zα)5m\alpha^{2}(Z \alpha)^{5}m Contribution to the Hydrogen Lamb Shift from Virtual Light by Light Scattering

The radiative correction to the Lamb shift of order $\alpha^{2}(Z\alpha)^5m$ induced by the light by light scattering insertion in external photons is obtained. The new contribution turns out to be equal to $-0.122(2)\alpha^2(Z\alpha)^5/(\pi n^3)(m_r/m)^3m$. Combining this contribution with our previous results we obtain the complete correction of order $\alpha^{2}(Z\alpha)^5m$ induced by all diagrams with closed electron loops. This correction is $37.3(1)$ kHz and $4.67(1)$ kHz for the $1S$- and $2S$-states in hydrogen, respectively.Comment: pages, Penn State Preprint PSU/TH/142, February 199

Structural chemistry of metal coordination complexes at high pressure

The application of pressures of up to about 10 GPa may induce significant geometric, configurational, conformational and packing changes in molecular solids. This review highlights and describes recent advances in high pressure studies of coordination complexes, many of which have been conducted at synchrotrons or other central facilities. The main focus is on the wide range of geometric changes which occur with pressure. In some cases these changes have associated physical effects, and the review describes materials exhibiting negative linear compressibility, spin cross-over phenomena, magnetism and molecular conduction, as well as detailing the exciting possibilities for future developments in this area of research