STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY OF LOG OF Eucalyptus spp. GENOTYPES

Anatomical studies, besides being useful in the identification of the species, make it possible to generate information about the structure of the log in order to identify the relationships between the log and the technological properties of the wood. The aim of this work was to anatomically characterize the log of different genotypes of the genus Eucalyptus planted in the state of Minas Gerais – Brazil and to describe its main differences and/or similarities. Three genetically improved genotypes were evaluated, Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis; Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis , aged whithin 6 to 7 years old. Discs of 9 trees were removed at breast height (1.30 meters from the ground). From each disk, specimens were obtained in the medulla-cambial direction with dimensions of approximately 2 cm³ to make permanent sheets, being that the anatomical characterization of the genotypes followed the recommendations of the IAWA Committee (1989). The results showed that the genotypes of Eucalyptus are very similar, however, differences were observed in the axial parenchyma and in the composition of rays

Uso de espécies Amazônicas para envelhecimento de bebidas destiladas: Análises física e química da madeira

The process of storing liquor in wooden barrels is a practice that aims to improve the sensory characteristics, such as color, aroma and flavor, of the beverage. The quality of the liquor stored in these barrels depends on wood characteristics such as density, permeability, chemical composition, anatomy, besides the wood heat treatment used to fabricate the barrels. Brazil has a great diversity of forests, mainly in the north, in the Amazon. This region is home to thousands of tree species, but is limited to the use of only a few native species to store liquors. The objective of this study was to determine some of the physical and chemical characteristics for four Amazon wood species. The results obtained in this study will be compared with others from woods that are traditionally used for liquor storage. The species studied were angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke) cumarurana (Dipteryx polyphylla (Huber) Ducke), jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) and louro-vermelho (Nectandra rubra (Mez) CK Allen). The trees were collected from Precious Woods Amazon Company forest management area, in Silves, Amazonas. Analyzes such as: concentration of extractives, lignin amount, percentage of minerals (ash) and tannin content, density, elemental analysis (CHNS-O) and thermal analysis were done. It was observed that the chemical composition (lignin, holocellulose) and elemental analysis (percentage of C, H, N and O) of the woods have significant differences. The jatobá wood presented higher tannin content, and in the thermal analysis, was that which had the lowest mass loss. © 2015, Federal University of Lavras. All rights Reserved

Quality machined surface in woods floors Corymbia and Eucalyptus.

O objetivo do trabalho foi gerar conhecimento científico que contribua para a melhor eficiência dos parâmetros envolvidos na usinagem a partir de diferentes métodos para qualificação da superfície usinada e avaliar o uso das espécies de Eucalyptus e Corymbia na produção de piso, como também, analisar a relação da densidade e desvio da grã com a rugosidade da madeira. Foram utilizadas as espécies E. dunnii, E. urophylla, E. grandis, C. citriodora e C. maculata, todas com 37 anos. Para o ensaio de usinagem foram utilizados corpos de prova com dimensões de 800 x 100 x 25 mm, velocidades de avanço de 15 e 30 m*min-1 e velocidade de corte da ferramenta de 18 e 25 m*s-1. Foi realizada a qualificação da superfície usinada por meio do avanço por dente, análise visual e parâmetros de rugosidade, sendo realizado também a relação da densidade e desvio da grã com a rugosidade da madeira. As madeiras de todas as espécies foram classificadas como ruim e muito ruim pela qualificação visual, os valores de avanço por dente foram acima dos indicados para pisos de madeira. Os menores valores dos parâmetros de rugosidade foram obtidos nas madeiras com maior densidade e menor desvio da grã. Ao utilizar os diferentes métodos de qualificação de superfícies nas madeiras de Eucalyptus e Corymbia, observou-se baixo potencial para utilizar essas madeiras em pisos. No entanto, é necessário que sejam realizados outros estudos com diferentes velocidades de avanço e de corte para verificar a possibilidade de melhoria nas qualidades superficiais dessas madeiras.The objective was to generate scientific knowledge that contributes to better efficiency of the parameters involved in machining from different evaluation methods of qualifying the machined surface and evaluate the use of species of Eucalyptus and Corymbia in floor production, but also to analyze the relationship of density and deviation of the grain with the roughness of wood. The species used were E. dunnii, E. urophylla, E. grandis, C. citriodora and C. maculata, all aged 37. For machining test were used test specimens with dimensions of 800 x 100 x 25 mm, advance speeds 15 and 30 m*min-1 and cutting speed of the tool 18 and 25 m*s-1. It was held the qualification of the machined surface through the feed per tooth, visual analysis and roughness parameters, and also carried the relationship of the density and diversion of grain with roughness of wood. The wood of all species were classified as bad and very bad for the visual qualification, per tooth feed values were above recommended for wood floors. The lowest values of roughness parameters were obtained for the woods with higher density and lower deviation of the grain. By using different methods of qualification surfaces in Eucalyptus and Corymbia woods, low potential was observed to use these wood floors. However, it must be conducted other studies with different speeds of advance and cut to verify the possibility of improving the surface qualities of the wood

Produção, caracterização e avaliação da capacidade adsortiva de carvões ativados em forma de briquete

Carvões ativados em forma de briquetes foram preparados a partir do resíduo da madeira de candeia, gerado no processo de extração do óleo α-bisabolol. O material foi briquetado, carbonizado e ativado com CO2, variando-se a temperatura (700-900°C) e o tempo de ativação (1-3 horas). Para a caracterização dos carvões ativados foram realizadas análise elementar (CHN-O), análise dos grupos funcionais (titulação de Boehm), bur-off, área superficial BET estimada, índice de iodo, cálculo de área superficial com azul de metileno SAM, testes de adsorção com azul de metileno e fenol e índice de resistência mecânica. Os resultados mostraram que, com o aumento da temperatura e do tempo de ativação, ocorre aumento da área superficial, do volume de poros, da basicidade do carvão e da capacidade de adsorção de azul de metileno e de fenol.Palavras-chave:Candeia; Carvão Ativado; Briquete

EFFECT OF EXTRACTIVES AND CARBONIZATION TEMPERATURE ON ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD WASTE IN AMAZON RAINFOREST

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of extractives soluble in hot water, besides final carbonization temperatures, on the gravimetric yield and properties of charcoal for waste of three native forest species from the Amazon region. Waste cuttings of Ipé, Grapia and Maçaranduba species, from the machine processing for joinery of a company in the State of Pará, were used. Carbonization was carried out in an adapted electric furnace with a heating rate of 1.67°C min-1 and final temperatures of 500, 600 and 700°C. The waste was carbonized fresh after extraction in hot water to remove extractives. Gravimetric yields were analyzed, as well as chemical features and high heating value. In the evaluation of the experiment, arranged in a factorial scheme with three factors (species x temperature x material with and without extraction), and Principal Component Analysis used too. The presence of extractives (soluble in hot water) from wood waste had little influence on the gravimetric yield and immediate chemical composition of charcoal; however, it showed a greater high heating value and lower contents of hydrogen and nitrogen. The increase in the final carbonization temperature reduced the gravimetric yield in charcoal, the content of volatile materials and hydrogen, with a higher content of fixed carbon, carbon and high heating value. The treatments with the best energy characteristics were obtained from Ipé and Maçaranduba charcoals with extractives produced at 600°C, in addition to Ipê and Maçaranduba charcoals with and without extractives obtained at 700°C

Flora composition and structure of a sub mountain cloudy dense forest, guidelines for an environmental management plan for Federal University of Amazonas campus

Este trabalho analisou as características fisionômicas e florística da comunidade vegetal de platô na área verde do Campus da Universidade Federal do Amazonas, onde foram alocados aleatoriamente três parcelas de amostragem de 10 x 500m de comprimento (0,5 ha) de acordo com as características físicas da área. Calculou-se o índice de diversidade de shannon e Wiener (H’), a uniformidade ou equitabilidade (e), o coeficiente de mistura (CM), o índice de espécies raras (ier) e os descritores estruturais. Os resultados mostraram, quanto à composição florística, as diferenças mais significativas registradas para Floresta Ombrófila Densa Sub Montana, residindo fundamentalmente na importância de certos taxa, número de indivíduos e superfície de cobertura. observou-se fortemente a presença de apenas dez famílias: Lecythidaceae, Arecaceae, Burseraceae, Sapotaceae, Lauraceae, Mimosaceae, Sapindaceae, Melastomataceae, Humiriaceae e Myristicaceae. O índice de diversidade de shannon-Wiener foi expressivo quanto a diversidade entre as espécies. Considerou-se também um ambiente apropriado para o desenvolvimento das espécies Eschweilera coriacea e Oenocarpus bacaba, devido a sua boa ocorrência nesse habitat, com expressivos valores de importância e cobertura.149-158semestralThis study examined the characteristics fisionômicas and floristic community of plant plateau in the green area of the campus of the Federal University of Amazonas, where they were assigned randomly sampling of three tranches of 10 x 500m in length (0.5 ha) according to the physical characteristics of the area. Calculated is the index of diversity, shannon and Wiener (H ‘), the uniformity or evenness (e), the coeffi cient of mixture (CM), the index of rare species (ier) and the structural descriptors. The results showed, as to the floristic composition, the most significant differences recorded for Ombrophylous Dense Forest sub Montana, residing mainly on the importance of certain rate, number of individuals and area of coverage. There was a strong presence of only ten families: Lecythidaceae, Arecaceae, Burseraceae, Sapotaceae, Lauraceae, Mimosaceae, Sapindaceae, Melastomataceae, Humiriaceae and Myristicaceae. The index of diversity, shannon-Wiener was expressive about the diversity among species. it was also an appropriate environment for the development of species Eschweilera coriacea and Oenocarpus bacaba, a good occurrence in this habitat, with significant values of importance in coverage

Caracterização das madeiras denominadas de pau-de-escora comercializadas na cidade de Manaus, Amazonas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T21:28:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 caracterizacao.pdf: 468745 bytes, checksum: 6b7ff116ea04c84c24632b1e5b71308b (MD5) license_url: 49 bytes, checksum: 4afdbb8c545fd630ea7db775da747b2f (MD5) license_text: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) license.txt: 120 bytes, checksum: c5ec8a89f6203da160ca192812b3f657 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012Neste trabalho, objetivou-se caracterizar as madeiras comercializadas como pau-de-escora na cidade de Manaus, Amazonas. Esse produto é utilizado como apoio na construção de lajes. Com exceção dos grandes prédios de apartamentos, a maioria das construções e reformas residenciais ainda utiliza esse produto, inclusive em prédios públicos. As estimativas quantitativas de dimensão e as análises anatômicas macroscópicas foram realizadas em 450 "varas" de pau-de-escora apreendidas pelo Batalhão Ambiental-AM. Houve, ainda, aplicação de questionário junto aos estabelecimentos que as vendem, para avaliar a dinâmica do comércio deste produto. O comprimento médio encontrado foi de 3,74 ± 0,08 m (IC 95%) e o diâmetro médio foi de 4,48 ± 0,03 cm (IC 95%). As sete famílias mais abundantes encontradas foram: Fabaceae, Annonaceae, Sapotaceae, Lecythidaceae, Lauraceae, Burseraceae e Chrysobalanaceae. O preço médio geral encontrado em Manaus para a compra de pau-de-escora foi R$2,63 e o de venda foi de R$ 3,94. Em geral, o pau-de-escora consumido em Manaus é ilegal, da produção à comercialização. Há uma padronização quanto às dimensões nas quais esse produto é comercializado, assim como o preço, nas casas comerciais que vendem irregularmente o referido material.1

Assessment of the acoustic change in heat-treated Pinus elliottii and Bertholletia excelsa wood from homogeneous plantations in Brazil

Heat treatment has been used in wood to improve its technological properties, but due to the complex nature of wood, it is necessary to carry out analyses to confirm the changes, and also to investigate which temperatures and protocols are ideal to provide the desired effect. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the modulus of elasticity, in order to understand the mechanical behaviour of thermally modified wood, using the non-destructive technique of ultrasound. The subjects of study were the woods of Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. and Pinus elliottii Engelm. Heat treatments were carried out with temperatures of 160, 180 and 200 °C, for a period of 60 min. After the treatments, the dynamic modulus of elasticity was estimated by the non-destructive technique of ultrasound and the static modulus of elasticity was obtained using a universal testing machine. It was observed that the heat treatment provided an increase in the dynamic modulus of elasticity for both species. For P. elliottii wood, a high linear correlation was observed between the dynamic and static modulus of elasticity for (R2 = 0.87). For B. excelsa wood, a low correlation was observed (R2 = 0.31)

Wood species identification from Atlantic forest by near infrared spectroscopy

Aim of study: Fast and reliable wood identification solutions are needed to combat the illegal trade in native woods. In this study, multivariate analysis was applied in near-infrared (NIR) spectra to identify wood of the Atlantic Forest species.Area of study: Planted forests located in the Vale Natural Reserve in the county of Sooretama (19 ° 01'09 "S 40 ° 05'51" W), Espírito Santo, Brazil.Material and methods: Three trees of 12 native species from homogeneous plantations. The principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression by discriminant function (PLS-DA) were performed on the woods spectral signatures.Main results: The PCA scores allowed to agroup some wood species from their spectra. The percentage of correct classifications generated by the PLS-DA model was 93.2%. In the independent validation, the PLS-DA model correctly classified 91.3% of the samples