Professional Counselors\u27 Perceptions of Knowledge, Barriers, Support and Action of Professional Advocacy

Leaders in the counseling field are encouraging practitioners to develop a social justice perspective to counseling to ensure fair and equitable treatment of clients and stress the importance of advocating on behalf of these individuals (Lee, 2007; Lee & Waltz, 1998; Lewis, Arnold, House, & Toporek, 2003; Lewis & Bradley, 2000). The counseling profession, because it is a relatively young field struggling with its own identity (Chi Sigma Iota, 2005; Eriksen, 1999; Gale & Austin, 2003; Myers & Sweeney, 2004) could also benefit from advocacy. A two-pronged approach of professional advocacy, which is the process of advocating for both clients and the profession is the most effective and comprehensive method. The results of this study were intended to bring greater insight into professional counselors\u27 willingness and ability to advocate on behalf of the profession by identifying their perceptions of activities, knowledge, skills, qualities, importance, need, barriers and support for professional advocacy, and by exploring the relationship between counseling professionals\u27 attitudes toward professional counselor advocacy and their perceived level of conducting professional advocacy activities. Results indicated that professional counselors believe that they participate in professional advocacy activities and that they have the knowledge, skills, and qualities to conduct those professional advocacy activities. They report gaining most knowledge of professional advocacy from publications, then from modeling, then conferences and workshops, then from their master\u27s or doctoral program, and last from websites. They endorsed the importance and need to conduct professional advocacy most due to needing to improve the public and professional image of counselors. Participants indicated the top three barriers to advocating are: not enough time, roadblocks caused by other professionals, and insufficient knowledge of professional advocacy strategies; however generally find support to advocate in colleagues, counselor xi educators, supervisors and professional associations. Knowledge, skill, qualities, importance/need, barriers and support produced positive relationships when correlated to professional advocacy activities meaning that they will be more involved in professional counselor advocacy activities if they endorse these ideas. Additionally, several barriers produced significant, negative relationships with advocacy activities indicating that if they perceive barriers, they are less likely to be involved in those advocacy activities

International retiree migration and housing markets. Evidence from Spain

Purpose – Large numbers of Northern European retirees have migrated to Southern European countries. A relevant part of this migration is not driven by work purposes but rather the desire to establish residence in a warmer country. These migrants come from different countries and exhibit diverse socioeconomic characteristics and preferences, including varying income levels, housing tastes and cultural habits, which could potentially influence the housing market in their host countries. This paper aims to examine the permanent impact of retiree migrant flows on house prices in Alicante, Spain, from 1988 to 2019, explicitly considering the impact related to the country of origin. Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines the permanent impact of retiree migrant flows on house prices in Alicante, Spain, from 1988 to 2019, explicitly considering the impact related to the country of origin using panel cointegration – Dynamic Ordinary Least Squared (DOLS) models. Findings – Results indicate that the long-term relationship captures the entire effect on house price change and that prices react immediately to the immigrants' presence with permanent effects. The results also suggest that the strong retiree migration flow created a shock in the housing market with different effects on house prices related to the immigrants' country of origin. The model identifies that when income growth in the origin country is slower than in Spain it has a major impact on house prices. When purchasing capacity is larger in Alicante than in the origin country it exerts a stronger effect on housing prices. Retiree migration flow has permanent effect on housing market prices. Practical implications – Results indicate several ways to act on social and housing policies in specific cities in Alicante province, as well as in the origin countries, to alleviate potential disadvantages faced by expatriate retirees. Originality/value – This paper finds evidence of the specific impact of international retiree migrants on the hosting housing market. This study is the first paper that can estimate the specific effect on housing prices from a flow of retiree migrants by country of origin

Morfología polínica del género Pimpinella L. (Apiaceae) en las Islas Canarias, España

XV lnternational A.P.L.E. Symposium of Palynolog

Redistributing wealth and tax crime

Aceptando que la estructura típica del art. 305.1 CP no se ajusta al paradigma de los delitos de dominio, se sugiere convertir la finalidad de redistribución de la riqueza propia de los sistemas tributarios de los Estados democráticos y sociales ?como el que diseña nuestra Constitución- en el referente valorativo que cumpla las funciones asignadas al bien jurídico protegido. Esta razón legitimante permite configurar el delito contenido en el art. 305.1 CP como un delito de infracción de deber, en el que la realización de la conducta típica (defraudar en sus distintas modalidades) cumple el tipo sin que sea necesario probar el perjuicio para la Hacienda Pública (como resultado naturalístico) y permite explicar la introducción de un límite mínimo a la cuantía defraudada y las atenuantes y agravantes específicas por razón de la cuantía. Además, esta razón legitimante también sirve para limitar el Ius puniendi, con lo que se superarían las objeciones teóricas a los delitos de infracción de deber en relación con el delito tributario.Accepting that the typical structure of art. 305.1 CP does not fit the paradigm of ?domain crimes?, it is suggested to convert the purpose of redistribution of wealth, typical of the tax systems of democratic and social States -such as the one designed by our Constitution- in the reason that legitimizes the criminal intervention. This legitimizing reason allows to configure the crime contained in art. 305.1 CP as a crime of infraction of duty, in which the performance of the typical conduct (fraud in its different forms) meets the type without it being necessary to prove the damage to the Public Treasury (as a naturalistic result) and allows explaining the introduction of a minimum limit to the amount defrauded and the mitigating and aggravating factors specific to the amount. In addition, this legitimating reason also serves to limit the Ius puniendi, thereby overcoming the theoretical objections to the crimes of breach of duty in relation to the tax crime.PID2019-107974RB-I0

Inteligencia artificial y responsabilidad penal

RESUMEN. La aparición de agentes inteligentes artificiales que pueden realizar conductas socialmente significativas exige prever un código normativo que determine en qué condiciones es admisible la interacción social de tales agentes. El derecho penal está en condiciones de afrontar los problemas iniciales que esa cuestión exige. El código que contiene las instrucciones que regulan la actuación del ente artificial presenta más similitudes de las aparentes con los códigos de conducta que rigen el comportamiento de las personas; y cuando la actuación de un agente artificial pueda ser delictiva, el código no puede obviar los mandatos y prohibiciones penales. El grado de inteligencia que permita superar el ?umbral de responsabilidad? del agente artificial inteligente no es una cuestión que corresponda determinar exclusivamente a los programadores.ABSTRACT. The emergence of artificial intelligent agents that can perform behaviors socially significant demands require a normative code that determines under what conditions the social interaction of such agents is admissible. Criminal law is able to face the initial problems that that question demands. The code that contains the instructions that regulate the performance of the artificial entity shows more similarities than the apparent ones with the codes of conduct that govern the behavior of the people; and when the ac-tion of an artificial agent can be criminal, the code cannot ignore the criminal mandates and prohibitions. The degree of intelligence that allows the intelligent artificial agent to "exceed the threshold of responsibility" is not a question that should be exclusively determined by the programmers

Delitos de tráfico ilegal de personas, objetos o mercancías.

RESUMEN. En el presente artículo hemos tratado de revisar los argumentos de política criminal de los que hemos denominado delitos de tráfico de personas, objetos o mercancías. Para ello se han seleccionado un grupo de delitos que reúnen características típicas comunes, todos ellos destinados a impedir o limitar la participación en actividades relacionadas con un determinado ámbito comercial o mercado en sentido estricto. Hemos comprobado que, pese a la similitud formal de los diferentes tipos de delitos, los bienes jurídicos en los que la intervención penal se fundamenta son de lo más variado, así como los «objetos» de dicho comercio. Una breve revisión histórica de los primeros delitos relacionados con el tráfico de personas, objetos o mercancías pone de manifiesto que las tentaciones del titular de Ius Puniendi de regular —bajo la amenaza de una pena— ciertos intercambios de bienes y servicios (sexo, drogas, moneda…) es antigua, pero nuestra legislación histórica muestra con poco recato los intereses económicos a los que atiende —los delitos relativos a la prostitución han quedado fuera de esta investigación por sus especialidades—. El incremento exponencial de los delitos de tráfico de personas, objetos o mercancías producido durante el siglo XX, que se mantiene en este siglo XXI, debe relacionarse con la globalización de la economía y del Derecho Penal. Más aún: con el Derecho Penal de la globalización que, hemos visto, es básicamente un Derecho Penal económico con tintes de un Derecho Penal del riesgo, etiquetas, todas ellas, que tratan de designar problemas jurídicos sobre una misma realidad vista, quizá, desde distinta perspectiva. Los problemas de técnica jurídica propios de los delitos económicos en la actualidad son los problemas de los delitos que estamos analizando e, incluso, el concepto de Derecho Penal económico se adecúa perfectamente al contenido de estos tipos penales, lo que nos conduce a afirmar que éstos son propiamente delitos económicos, con los que comparten todas las características típicas, lo que abre nuevas perspectivas para su revisión y estudio —entre otros—, a los delitos de tráfico de drogas (supuestamente contra la Salud Pública); tráfico de órganos (supuestamente contra la Salud) o tráfico de armas (supuestamente contra el Orden Público). El presente artículo plantea que los delitos de tráfico de personas, objetos y mercancías están legislativamente destinados a prohibir o controlar un proceso comercial que se oculta bajo bienes jurídicos consolidados doctrinalmente (e incluso constitucionalmente), que las modalidades de conducta típicas tienen como finalidad facilitar la prueba —con merma de garantías, lo que es propio de un modelo penal autoritario—. Doctrinal y jurisprudencialmente se legitima la intervención penal en estos ámbitos en bienes jurídicos colectivos que se vinculan automáticamente con estructuras típicas de mera actividad y, como consecuencia, con delitos de peligro abstracto, en un círculo de categorías dogmáticas complejas que se interrelacionan en una argumentación sobre la que penden serias dudas. En este momento se estudian los bienes jurídicos protegidos, desde una perspectiva político criminal y dogmática, dejando para una publicación posterior la revisión de su relación con las estructuras típicas (delitos de peligro, delitos de mera actividad) y el concepto de autoría que subyace a los delitos que hemos seleccionado bajo la común denominación de delitos de tráfico de personas, objetos y mercancías.ABSTRACT. In this article we review the arguments of Criminal Policy of which we have called crimes of trafficking in persons, objects or goods. For this, it have been selecting a group of crimes that meet common features —structures, verbs, etc.—. These crimes try to prevent or limit commercial activity in a particular area. Despite the formal similarity of the different types of crimes, we found that social interests in which criminal law is based are quite varied, as well as the «objects» of the trade. A brief historical review of the oldest crimes trading related shows that the state seeks to regulate (under threat of a penalty) certain exchanges of goods and services for a long time. But in our historic legislation does not hide economic interests it serves —crimes related to prostitution have been left out of this research for its specialties—. The exponential increase of crimes of trafficking in persons, objects or goods produced in the twentieth century, which remains in the current century, must relate to the globalization of the economy and the Criminal Law. Moreover, the Criminal Law of Globalization is basically an economic Criminal Law: An Economic Criminal Law with the characteristics of a Criminal Law of a Risk Society. All this labels seek to appoint legal problems on the same reality view, perhaps, from different perspective. The problems of economic crimes today are identical to those we are discussing and even the concept of economic criminal law can clarify these crimes. So we can say that we are facing genuine economic crimes. This opens new perspectives for review and study, among others, to drug trafficking crimes (supposedly against Public Health); organ trafficking crimes (supposedly against Health) or arms trafficking crimes (supposedly against Public Order). This article argues that crimes of trafficking in persons, objects and goods are legislatively intended to prohibit or control a commercial process that is hidden under other legal goods or social interests legally and constitutionally protected. Alike, it is stated that these kinds of conduct are intended to facilitate that the prosecutor prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused person committed a criminal offence. In these areas, Jurisprudence legitimises the criminal intervention of Criminal Law in collective legal goods which are automatically linked to conduct crimes and, therefore, with crimes of abstract danger. But this argument will be questioned in this article. This research focuses on the study of protected legal goods. In a later publication will review its relationship with the typical structures (danger crimes, conduct crimes…) and, also the concept of authorship behind the crimes we have selected under the common denomination of crimes of trafficking in persons, objects and goods