La contribution des enseignants du secondaire à l’enseignement supérieur en France:Effectifs, affectations, carrières (1984-2014)

La relation de complémentarité fonctionnelle entre les tâches d’enseignement et de recherche dans le travail académique varie beaucoup selon les pays. Les travaux sur le cas français suggèrent que l’organisation des corps d’enseignants-chercheurs et le système des carrières académiques n’ont pas connu d’évolution profonde depuis trois décennies. En analysant la composition des corps universitaires français et les séquences de leurs carrières, nous mettons en évidence le développement d’une catégorie de personnels trop négligée par la littérature : les enseignants du secondaire affectés dans le supérieur, qui composent un cinquième des effectifs titulaires universitaires. L’affectation de ces personnels exclusivement enseignants obéit à trois logiques distinctes : le soutien à l’enseignement dans les filières et les institutions à fort investissement pédagogique ; l’apport en personnel à des filières nouvelles ; la sélection probatoire pour l’accès à des postes d’enseignant-chercheur. Ces trois usages de l’affectation interviennent à des degrés variables dans les différentes filières disciplinaires et institutionnelles de l’enseignement supérieur français, selon que l’enseignement y est complémentaire ou exclusif de l’activité de recherche.Die Beziehung der funktionellen Komplementarität zwischen den Lehraufgaben und der Forschung in der akademischen Arbeit ist entsprechend den Ländern unterschiedlich. Die Arbeiten zum Falle Frankreich legen nahe, dass die Organisation der „Lehrer-Forscher“ Berufskräfte und das System der akademischen Laufbahnen in den letzten dreißig Jahren keine grundlegende Entwicklung zeigen. Durch die Untersuchung der Zusammensetzung des französischen akademischen Körpers und dessen Ablauf der Berufskarrieren unterstreichen wir die Entwicklung einer Personalkategorie, die von der Fachliteratur ungenügend behandelt wurde: das sind die Lehrkräfte der Sekundarstufe, die der Oberstufe zugewiesen werden und die ein Fünftel des Universitätspersonals darstellen. Die Einstellung dieser Lehrkräfte, die bisher ausschließlich Lehraufgaben zugewiesen waren, unterliegt drei verschiedenen Logiken: Unterstützung zu Lehraufgaben in den Studiengängen und Institutionen mit starkem pädagogischem Einschlag; Personalzuweisung für neue Studiengänge; Probeauswahl zur Einstellung von Lehrern mit Forschungsaufgaben. Diese drei üblichen Zuweisungen werden unterschiedlich in den verschiedenen Disziplinen des höheren Bildungswesens in Frankreich angewendet, angepasst an die komplementäre oder ausschließlich Forschungsaktivität.La relación de complementaridad funcional entre tareas de docencia y de investigación en la labor académica varía mucho según los países. Los trabajos sobre el caso francés sugieren que la organización de los cuerpos de docentes universitarios y el sistema de las carreras académicas no han conocido evoluciones fundamentales en las últimas tres décadas. Nuestro análisis de la composición de los cuerpos universitarios franceses y las secuencias de sus carreras evidencia el desarrollo de una categoría de personal que la literatura ha dejado de lado: los profesores de secundaria destinados en la enseñanza universitaria, que representan la quinta parte de los efectivos de docentes universitarios. El destino de estas personas que sólo ejercen la docencia responde a tres lógicas distintas: el refuerzo de la docencia en carreras académicas e instituciones que requieren un fuerte compromiso pedagógico; la necesidad de docentes para desarrollar carreras académicas nuevas; una selección probatoria para acceder a puestos de profesor titular. Estos tres usos del destino intervienen en grado variable en las distintas carreras disciplinarias e institucionales de la enseñanza universitaria francesa, según si la docencia es complementaria o exclusiva de la actividad investigativa.The relationship of functional complementarity between teaching and research tasks in academic work varies greatly across countries. Work on the French case suggests that the organization of the categories of teaching and research staff and the system of academic careers has not changed dramatically in the last three decades. By analyzing the composition of the different groups of French academic personnel and the stages of their careers, we highlight the development of a category of staff neglected by the literature: those with secondary school teacher qualifications assigned to higher education, which make up a fifth of the university workforce. The assignment of staff with teaching-only status follows three distinct logics: to provide support for teaching in the fields and institutions with high educational investment; to supply personnel to new fields; and as part of the process of probationary selection for acceeding “teaching and research” positions. These three uses of assignment occur to varying extents in the various disciplinary and institutional fields of French higher education, depending on whether teaching is complementary to or exclusive of research work

Erratum to: Methods for evaluating medical tests and biomarkers

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s41512-016-0001-y.]

A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa

[Figure: see text]

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

Investment in SARS-CoV-2 sequencing in Africa over the past year has led to a major increase in the number of sequences generated, now exceeding 100,000 genomes, used to track the pandemic on the continent. Our results show an increase in the number of African countries able to sequence domestically, and highlight that local sequencing enables faster turnaround time and more regular routine surveillance. Despite limitations of low testing proportions, findings from this genomic surveillance study underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic and shed light on the distinct dispersal dynamics of Variants of Concern, particularly Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron, on the continent. Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve, while the continent faces many emerging and re-emerging infectious disease threats. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa.

The progression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in Africa has so far been heterogeneous, and the full impact is not yet well understood. In this study, we describe the genomic epidemiology using a dataset of 8746 genomes from 33 African countries and two overseas territories. We show that the epidemics in most countries were initiated by importations predominantly from Europe, which diminished after the early introduction of international travel restrictions. As the pandemic progressed, ongoing transmission in many countries and increasing mobility led to the emergence and spread within the continent of many variants of concern and interest, such as B.1.351, B.1.525, A.23.1, and C.1.1. Although distorted by low sampling numbers and blind spots, the findings highlight that Africa must not be left behind in the global pandemic response, otherwise it could become a source for new variants

Evidence synthesis to inform model-based cost-effectiveness evaluations of diagnostic tests: a methodological systematic review of health technology assessments

Background: Evaluations of diagnostic tests are challenging because of the indirect nature of their impact on patient outcomes. Model-based health economic evaluations of tests allow different types of evidence from various sources to be incorporated and enable cost-effectiveness estimates to be made beyond the duration of available study data. To parameterize a health-economic model fully, all the ways a test impacts on patient health must be quantified, including but not limited to diagnostic test accuracy. Methods: We assessed all UK NIHR HTA reports published May 2009-July 2015. Reports were included if they evaluated a diagnostic test, included a model-based health economic evaluation and included a systematic review and meta-analysis of test accuracy. From each eligible report we extracted information on the following topics: 1) what evidence aside from test accuracy was searched for and synthesised, 2) which methods were used to synthesise test accuracy evidence and how did the results inform the economic model, 3) how/whether threshold effects were explored, 4) how the potential dependency between multiple tests in a pathway was accounted for, and 5) for evaluations of tests targeted at the primary care setting, how evidence from differing healthcare settings was incorporated. Results: The bivariate or HSROC model was implemented in 20/22 reports that met all inclusion criteria. Test accuracy data for health economic modelling was obtained from meta-analyses completely in four reports, partially in fourteen reports and not at all in four reports. Only 2/7 reports that used a quantitative test gave clear threshold recommendations. All 22 reports explored the effect of uncertainty in accuracy parameters but most of those that used multiple tests did not allow for dependence between test results. 7/22 tests were potentially suitable for primary care but the majority found limited evidence on test accuracy in primary care settings. Conclusions: The uptake of appropriate meta-analysis methods for synthesising evidence on diagnostic test accuracy in UK NIHR HTAs has improved in recent years. Future research should focus on other evidence requirements for cost-effectiveness assessment, threshold effects for quantitative tests and the impact of multiple diagnostic tests

Erratum to: Methods for evaluating medical tests and biomarkers

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s41512-016-0001-y.]

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance.

Investment in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing in Africa over the past year has led to a major increase in the number of sequences that have been generated and used to track the pandemic on the continent, a number that now exceeds 100,000 genomes. Our results show an increase in the number of African countries that are able to sequence domestically and highlight that local sequencing enables faster turnaround times and more-regular routine surveillance. Despite limitations of low testing proportions, findings from this genomic surveillance study underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic and illuminate the distinct dispersal dynamics of variants of concern-particularly Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron-on the continent. Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve while the continent faces many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Temporaires, permanents, « vedettes » : la tripartition du salariat académique au Royaume-Uni

International audienceCet article interroge la recomposition du marché du travail universitaire à partir du cas britannique. Jusque dans les années 1990, l'emploi académique au Royaume-Uni s'organisait en deux segments de main-d'oeuvre, primaire et secondaire, composés respectivement d'emplois permanents et temporaires. On observe depuis quelques années l'émergence d'un troisième segment. Il s'agit d'un micro-marché restreint, ouvert à des « vedettes » académiques capables de négocier des salaires élevés. Croisant entretiens biographiques et données longitudinales de carrières, l'article restitue les différents moments de la carrière académique au travers des trois espaces considérés, puis examine les conditions d'activation du micro-marché des vedettes. Il est montré que l'échange salarial au sein de ce dernier segment porte davantage sur les capitaux scientifiques des individus (publications, projets de recherche financés, etc.) que sur leur capacité de travail. Le fonctionnement du micro-marché de vedettes suppose alors des conditions sociales spécifiques : la capacité d'appropriation individuelle du travail comme actif transférable et l'existence de dispositions à valoriser ces actifs et à négocier des rémunérations exceptionnelles