20 research outputs found
External vulnerability due to the International Investment Position and the income flows in Brazil from 2001 to 2010
: This article presents Brazil's external financial vulnerability resulting from foreign stocks (International Investment Position) and flows of income. It analyses the Brazilian economy during the period 2001-2010 and concludes that: i) the reduction of the stock-vulnerability of the Brazilian economy, as demonstrated during the global crisis beginning in 2008, was due to a new composition of the International Investment Position, and an increase in international reserves and external liabilities denominated in the domestic currency, and these tend to suffer a double devaluation (price and exchange rates) in times of crisis; ii) net income sent abroad in this period amounted to US 273 bilhões, cristalizando-se a vulnerabilidade-fluxo por meio da dependência dos financiamentos externos para equilibrar os déficits das transações correntes; iii) a variação de valor dos estoques externos é a variável mais importante nas alterações dos saldos da Posição Internacional de Investimentos.26120723
Advancement in Social Technologies in Brazil: Regional concentration and SDGs representation
Social technologies encompass technologies and knowledge which facilitate social development and can lead to the improvement in several social indicators such as inequality, access to clean water, health, and housing. The Brazilian Bank, Banco do Brasil, provides access to data containing social technologies which were analyzed and certified by the Brazilian Bank Foundation. The social technologies are an important mechanism towards reaching the Sustainable Development Goals because they are developed by the agents who understand the challenges and the improvement needed the most. The database contains information about the location, the related SDGs, and the theme and sub-theme of the social technologies. It also offers a description, the identified problem, the resources needed, and the achievements already obtained. Based on this online data, this chapter describes a dataset to map the initiatives of social technologies. This chapter analyzes which SDGs are mostly represented, the problems addressed, and the locations of implementation and the locations where the institutions responsible for the social technologies are located. This chapter analyzes possible mechanisms behind concentration of social technologies by crossing this data with social-economic data at the state level, such as education, urbanization rate, and economic development. Finally, the chapter discusses the importance of social technologies to foster sustainable actions in developing countries in a long-term perspective
External vulnerability due to the International Investment Position and the income flows in Brazil from 2001 to 2010
O artigo apresenta a vulnerabilidade externa brasileira, baseada na esfera financeira, decorrente dos estoques externos (Posição Internacional de Investimentos) e dos fluxos de rendas. Analisa-se a economia brasileira no perÃodo 2001-2010 e chega-se à s seguintes conclusões: i) houve diminuição da vulnerabilidade-estoque da economia nacional, conforme evidenciado na crise global eclodida em 2008, por conta de mudanças na Posição Internacional de Investimentos (PII), com o aumento das reservas internacionais e da participação do passivo externo denominado em moeda doméstica, que tende a sofrer dupla desvalorização (câmbio e preço) em momentos de crise; ii) as rendas lÃquidas enviadas ao exterior durante a década em questão atingiram o valor de US261207239The objective of this article is to present Polarization of Agrarian Structure as a single, more complete representation than models emphasizing rural exodus and consolidation of land into large agropastoral enterprises of the dynamics of changing land distribution, land use / cover, and thus the rural milieu of Amazonia. Data were collected in 2003 using social surveys on a sample of 587 lots randomly selected from among 5,086 lots on a cadastral map produced in the 1970s. Georeferencing of current property boundaries in the location of these previously demarcated lots allows us to relate sociodemographic and biophysical variables of the surveyed properties to the changes in boundaries that have occurred since the 1970s. As have other authors in other Amazonian regions, we found concentration of land ownership into larger properties. The approach we took, however, showed that changes in the distribution of land ownership is not limited to the appearance of larger properties, those with 200 ha or more; there also exists substantial division of earlier lots into properties with fewer than five hectares, many without any agropastoral use. These two trends are juxtaposed against the decline in establishments with between five and 200 ha. The variation across groups in land use / land cover and population distribution shows the necessity of developing conceptual models, whether from socioeconomic, demographic or environmental perspectives, look beyond a single group of people or properties
Foreign Direct Investment and Environment in Latin America: Sustainable Development Goals
Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have been on an increasing trend since the beginning of the 1990s in Latin America. This increase was largely a result of the implementation of the Washington Consensus which led to structural reforms in most Latin American economies. Foreign direct investment was seen as an important instrument to stimulate economic growth, increase employment opportunities, and foster technological progress. In the same period, local pollutants such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane have also increased. Many reasons are behind these emissions, including population growth, economic growth, and increasing urbanization rates. However, there is less understanding about the impact that this increase in foreign direct investment has had on local pollution in Latin American countries. On the one hand, foreign direct investment can be a source of technological progress and associated adoption of cleaner technologies (a technique effect). On the other hand, foreign direct investment can adapt to local laxer environmental regulations and intensify pollution through the scale effect. Finally, foreign direct investment can bring in new industries and sectors, which are in less or more polluting sectors (a composition effect). Therefore, to provide an estimate of the impact of foreign direct investment on local pollution, this chapter controls additionally for the three types of effects by using data on foreign direct investment and combining with data from the World Bank on among others, emissions, population density, GDP per capita, trade openness, and human capital. Similar to other papers, this chapter employs panel data estimation for Latin American countries but performs the empirical analysis for a more recent period, 1990–2019. Our main results indicate that FDI has intensified CO2 emissions in Latin American countries. Finally, this chapter discusses the findings in light with the efforts by Latin American governments to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030
BRAZILIAN FOREIGN VULNERABILITY IN THE 1980S: AN ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT POSITION AND INCOME FLOWS
O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar a vulnerabilidade externa brasileira na década de 1980, em sua esfera financeira, decorrente dos estoques externos. Defende-se a hipótese de que, historicamente, um dos elos mais importantes da interação entre os fluxos e os estoques externos brasileiros está na sua circularidade. Para as análises em tela, realiza-se uma estimativa da Posição Internacional de Investimentos para os anos 1980 que é inédita – já que esses dados não são disponibilizados por nenhuma fonte oficial –, constituindo-se como uma das contribuições do artigo. Ademais, apresenta-se uma estimativa – também inédita – da rentabilidade desses estoques externos, além de alguns indicadores de endividamento externo. A partir desses dados, o artigo analisa o perÃodo marcado pela crise da dÃvida externa no Brasil, concluindo que os saldos positivos gerados pelas exportações serviram apenas para amenizar a circularidade entre a Posição Internacional de Investimentos e as rendas enviadas, atenuando o aumento do passivo externo lÃquido ao longo do perÃodo analisado e gerando, em contrapartida, um baixo dinamismo econômico e o aumento das pressões inflacionárias.The objective of this paper is to present the Brazilian external vulnerability in the 1980s, in the financial sphere, resulting from foreign stocks. The paper supports the hypothesis that, historically, one of the most important links of the interaction between flows and external stocks in Brazil is in its circularity. In order to enable these analyses, the paper makes an estimation of the Brazilian International Investment Position in 1980 that is original and novel – since there are no official data for it –, what is certainly one of the contributions of this article. Moreover, it presents an estimation – also original – for the yield of these foreign stocks and some external debt indicators. Using these data, the paper analyzes the period marked by the Brazilian debt crisis in the 1980s, concluding that the surpluses generated by exports only served to soften the circularity between the International Investment Position and sent rents, reducing the increase in net foreign liabilities over the period, but generating a low economic dynamism and increasing inflationary pressures.
Transporte público e mobilidade urbana: Determinantes do preço da tarifa de transporte público urbano por ônibus - um estudo do caso de Limeira/SP
Este estudo buscou analisar a questão da mobilidade urbana, a partir dos determinantes do preço da tarifa de transporte público urbano (TPU) por ônibus, tendo como estudo de caso o municÃpio de Limeira/SP. Metodologicamente, foram realizadas revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa documental do tema proposto. Como resultados, verificou-se que, no caso brasileiro, a prestação do serviço de TPU por ônibus ocorre de forma indireta, por meio de concessão para a iniciativa privada. No modelo de financiamento do sistema, o usuário pagante costuma arcar com o valor de uma tarifa que é acrescida pelo ônus dos usuários não pagantes. A metodologia para o cálculo do preço da tarifa varia entre os municÃpios, dado que não há regulamentação para o uso de um modelo padrão. Dessa forma, foram levantadas as metodologias mais recorrentes na literatura, com especial atenção à metodologia de cálculo do Grupo de Estudos para Integração da PolÃtica de Transportes (GEIPOT), devido a sua utilização no municÃpio de Limeira/SP. Os determinantes do preço da tarifa de TPU por ônibus identificados foram: custos operacionais, subsÃdios extra-tarifários, gratuidades e benefÃcios aos usuários, vale-transporte, fatores estruturais, além de conflitos polÃticos e de interesse
Comportamento do balanço de pagamentos durante o Plano e Metas
Não informado.Not informed
A vulnerabilidade externa decorrente da Posição Internacional de Investimentos e do fluxo de rendas: uma análise da economia brasileira no perÃodo 1953-1963
O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar como a vulnerabilidade externa, na esfera financeira, é afetada pela hipótese de que um dos elos mais importantes da interação entre os fluxos e estoques externos brasileiros está na sua circularidade, ou seja, a Posição Internacional de Investimentos negativa causa uma saÃda de rendas, e esse fluxo está diretamente relacionado com o aumento do passivo externo. Assim, analisou-se o perÃodo 1953-1963 – marcado por uma expressiva industrialização com investimentos estrangeiros (Plano de Metas), num contexto de escassez de divisas –, chegando-se a resultados de que a maior parte (em torno de 67%) da elevação do passivo externo lÃquido do perÃodo foi decorrente das rendas lÃquidas enviadas ao exterior. Também foram apresentados diversos indicadores de endividamento externo que permitiram concluir que a vulnerabilidade externa da economia brasileira, sob a ótica do presente estudo, se deteriorou ao longo do perÃodo