Legislação como intervenção social

The idea that legislation causes intervention is an issue that usually calls for an analysis of its economic impacts exclusively in the market system. The aim of this paper is to determine whether legislation can be understood as intervention per se, and, if so, to what extent theories of intervention can be applied to it. Through exploratory methodology and literature review, it was possible to conclude not only that the intervention theory is perfectly applicable to legislation as a social intervention, but also that without the use of these theories it is not possible to understand the dimension of the social impact caused by legislation on society. In a civilization of private law, social relations unfold spontaneously and organically, while in societies of public law, human relations need to be artificially protected and human action is largely conducted by central planning bodies, as it happens in a planned economy. It is this scenario that favors the creation of pressure groups in legislative houses, enforcing malinvestments as they represent distortions in social relations through coercion, just as intervention does in the economy. In the same way that economic intervention practically requires an indeterminate chain of other interventions planning the economy, legislative intervention calls for new legislation, degrading social life, corrupting the very idea of ​​freedom and mutual cooperation.  La idea de que la legislación provoca intervención es un tema que suele requerir un análisis de sus impactos económicos exclusivamente en el sistema de mercado. El objetivo de este artículo es determinar si la legislación puede entenderse como una intervención per se y, de ser así, en qué medida se le pueden aplicar las teorías de la intervención. A través de la metodología exploratoria y la revisión de la literatura, se pudo concluir no solo que la teoría de la intervención es perfectamente aplicable a la legislación como intervención social, sino que sin el uso de estas teorías no es posible comprender la dimensión del impacto social causado. por la legislación sobre la sociedad. En una civilización de derecho privado, las relaciones sociales se desarrollan espontánea y orgánicamente, mientras que en las sociedades de derecho público, las relaciones humanas necesitan ser protegidas artificialmente y la acción humana es conducida en gran medida por organismos de planificación central, como sucede en una economía planificada. Es este escenario el que favorece la creación de grupos de presión en las casas legislativas, haciendo cumplir las malas inversiones, ya que representan distorsiones en las relaciones sociales a través de la coerción, tal como lo hace la intervención en la economía. De la misma manera que la intervención económica requiere prácticamente una cadena indeterminada de otras intervenciones que planifican la economía, la intervención legislativa exige una nueva legislación, degradando la vida social, corrompiendo la idea misma de libertad y cooperación mutua.A ideia de que a legislação gera intervenção é um problema que costuma exigir uma análise de seus impactos econômicos exclusivamente na economia de mercado. O objetivo deste artigo é determinar se a legislação pode ser entendida como intervenção per se e, em caso afirmativo, em que medida as teorias de intervenção podem ser aplicadas a ela. Por meio de metodologia exploratória e revisão de literatura, foi possível concluir não só que a teoria da intervenção é perfeitamente aplicável à legislação como intervenção social, mas também que sem o uso dessas teorias não é possível compreender a dimensão do impacto social causado pela legislação sobre a sociedade. Em uma sociedade de direito privado, as relações sociais se desenvolvem de forma espontânea e orgânica, enquanto em sociedades de direito público, as relações humanas precisam ser protegidas artificialmente e a ação humana é em grande parte dirigida por órgãos centrais de planejamento, como ocorre em uma economia planejada. É esse cenário que favorece a criação de grupos de pressão nas casas legislativas, impondo maus investimentos, pois representam distorções nas relações sociais por meio da coerção, assim como a intervenção na economia. Da mesma forma que a intervenção econômica praticamente exige uma cadeia indeterminada de outras intervenções planejando a economia, a intervenção legislativa exige nova legislação, degradando a vida social, corrompendo a própria ideia de liberdade e cooperação mútua

Natureza Jurídica e Regime Legal a que estão submetidos os Instrutores de Armamento e Tiro credenciados pela Polícia Federal

Este artigo busca jogar luz sobre o significado jurídico da figura do Instrutor de Armamento e Tiro – IAT, credenciado junto à Polícia Federal. No estudo buscou-se relacionar as atividades realizadas diuturnamente pelos instrutores com a com a atividade pública que exercem, bem como quais são os balizadores para sua atuação. Fica claro ao longo do artigo que a função de IAT é de extrema importância para a dinâmica de concessão de porte de arma de fogo, e registro de arma de fogo. Tratou-se ainda de analisar a responsabilidade do IAT, tanto durante seu ofício como permissionários de serviço público, como criminalmente, enquanto funcionário público enquadrado no conceito do Código Penal Brasileiro. O estudo não é exaustivo, mas elucida diversas questões que permeiam tanto o próprio IAT quanto autoridades públicas que lidam com a atividade em seu dia a dia

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Global Impact of COVID-19 on Stroke Care and IV Thrombolysis

Objective To measure the global impact of COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of IV thrombolysis (IVT), IVT transfers, and stroke hospitalizations over 4 months at the height of the pandemic (March 1 to June 30, 2020) compared with 2 control 4-month periods. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional, observational, retrospective study across 6 continents, 70 countries, and 457 stroke centers. Diagnoses were identified by their ICD-10 codes or classifications in stroke databases. Results. There were 91,373 stroke admissions in the 4 months immediately before compared to 80,894 admissions during the pandemic months, representing an 11.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] −11.7 to −11.3, p \u3c 0.0001) decline. There were 13,334 IVT therapies in the 4 months preceding compared to 11,570 procedures during the pandemic, representing a 13.2% (95% CI −13.8 to −12.7, p \u3c 0.0001) drop. Interfacility IVT transfers decreased from 1,337 to 1,178, or an 11.9% decrease (95% CI −13.7 to −10.3, p = 0.001). Recovery of stroke hospitalization volume (9.5%, 95% CI 9.2–9.8, p \u3c 0.0001) was noted over the 2 later (May, June) vs the 2 earlier (March, April) pandemic months. There was a 1.48% stroke rate across 119,967 COVID-19 hospitalizations. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was noted in 3.3% (1,722/52,026) of all stroke admissions. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a global decline in the volume of stroke hospitalizations, IVT, and interfacility IVT transfers. Primary stroke centers and centers with higher COVID-19 inpatient volumes experienced steeper declines. Recovery of stroke hospitalization was noted in the later pandemic months

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care