Determinación de lesiones anatomopatológicas en hígado bovino, faenado en la Empresa Pública Metropolitana de Rastro -Quito

This research has a general objective the injury pathological's determination of liver’s cattles and specific objectives: To identify the morphological changes of the organ in some patologies; Set the main macroscopic lesions in the liver. This work was carried out to examined 375 liver's cattle post mortem, and through observation can see if it have any pathology and classify them with types injuries, over a period of 12 days....La presente investigación tiene como objetivo general la determinación de lesiones anatomopatológicas en hígado bovino y como objetivos específicos: Identificar los distintos cambios morfológicos que presenta el órgano afectado al presentar las distintas patologías; Establecer las principales lesiones macroscópicas en el hígado. El trabajo fue realizar la inspección post mortem de 375 hígados bovinos, y mediante la observación determinar si presenta alguna patología y clasificarlas según las lesiones, en un periodo de 12 días...

Evaluación de calidad de imagen, con diferentes combinaciones de miliamperaje-tiempo y tamaño de campo de visión, en el estudio de terceros molares mandibulares con tomografía computarizada de haz cónico

111 p.Introducción: La tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT) tiene ventajas para la práctica clínica, pero genera mayores dosis de radiación que las técnicas radiográficas tradicionales. Una de sus indicaciones más frecuentes es la evaluación pre-quirúrgica de terceros molares mandibulares (MM3). Se ha demostrado que es posible disminuir significativamente las dosis de radiación en CBCT, obteniendo imágenes con calidad diagnóstica en ciertas indicaciones clínicas, variando los parámetros de exposición. Existen escasos estudios de optimización de dosis para MM3. Objetivo: Determinar la combinación entre miliamperaje-tiempo (mAs) y tamaño del campo de visión (FOV), en el equipo de CBCT ORTHOPHOS XG 3D (Sirona, Bensheim, Alemania), que produce la menor dosis de radiación posible y genera una imagen con calidad diagnóstica, para el estudio de MM3. Materiales y métodos: Se ut semi-incluido y tres vértebras cervicales, sumergidos en agua, simulando la posición de un paciente real en un equipo de CBCT. Se realizaron 16 exámenes de CBCT, variando el mAs y el tamaño del FOV. Se evaluó la calidad diagnóstica de las imágenes mediante una encuesta aplicada usando el programa ViewDEX, a radiólogos y cirujanos maxilofaciales con experiencia en CBCT. Resultados: Sólo una imagen no presentó calidad diagnóstica. La imagen con calidad diagnóstica de menor dosis de radiación se generó con el menor mAs (22,4 mAs) y el FOV pequeño (5x5,5 cm). Para un examen bilateral, fue menor la dosis de la suma de dos imágenes con FOV pequeño que un FOV mediano único. Discusión: Fue posible disminuir las dosis de radiación para la indicación estudiada. Los cirujanos aceptaron mejor la disminución de calidad de imagen para el diagnóstico que los radiólogos maxilofaciales. Se requieren nuevos estudios para otras indicaciones y otros equipos de CBCT. Conclusiones: La combinación que produce la menor dosis de radiación posible y genera una imagen con calidad diagnóstica para el estudio de MM3 en este equipo fue la del menor mAs y el FOV pequeño. Palabras clave: Tomografía computarizada de haz cónico, optimización, calidad diagnóstica, protección radiológica, miliamperaje-tiempo, campo de visión, terceros molares mandibulares./ABSTRACT: Introduction: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has advantages for the clinical practice, but generates higher radiation doses than traditional radiographic techniques. One of the most frequent indications of CBCT examinations is the preoperative evaluation of mandibular third molars (MM3). It has been shown that it is possible to significantly decrease the radiation doses in CBCT, obtaining images with diagnostic quality in some clinical indications, varying the exposure settings. There are limited studies of dose optimization for MM3. Objective: To determine the combination of milliamperage-time and field of view (FOV), in the ORTHOPHOS XG 3D (Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) CBCT device, that produces the lowest radiation dose and generates images with diagnostic quality, for the MM3 evaluation. Materials and methods: A skull, a mandible with a mesio-impacted, partially erupted MM3 and three cervical vertebrae was used, immersed in water and simulating the position of a real patient in a CBCT device. Sixteen CBCT examinations were performed, varying mAs and FOV. The diagnostic quality of the images was evaluated through a survey applied using the ViewDEX software, to maxillofacial radiologists and surgeons with experience in CBCT. Results: Just one image did not present diagnostic quality. The diagnostic quality image with the lowest radiation dose was generated with the lowest mAs (22.4 mAs) and the small FOV (5x5.5 cm). For a bilateral evaluation of MM3, the total dose of two images with small FOV was found to be lower than a single examination with a medium FOV. Discussion: It was possible to decrease the radiation doses for the evaluated clinical indication. Surgeons accepted better the decrease in image quality for diagnosis than maxillofacial radiologists. The results are applicable only to the utilized device. New studies are required for other indications and CBCT devices. Conclusion: The lowest mAs and the small FOV was the combination that produces the lowest radiation dose and generates an image with diagnostic quality for the evaluation of MM3 in this device. Key words: Cone-beam computed tomography, optimization, diagnostic quality, radiation protection, milliamperage-time, field of view, mandibular third molars

SÍNDROME DE BURNOUT Y SOBRECARGA LABORAL DE ENFERMERÍA EN EL ÁREA COVID-19

Resumen Introducción: A nivel mundial, existen escasos estudios donde relacionan el Síndrome de Burnout con la Sobrecarga laboral manifestado en trastornos psicosomáticos en el personal de enfermería. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la sobrecarga laboral y prevalencia del Síndrome de Burnout en el personal de enfermería que labora dentro de las diferentes áreas COVID del Antiguo Hospital General Querétaro durante la pandemia del coronavirus SARS-COV2. Metodología: Estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo- correlacional, realizado en 70 profesionales de enfermería mediante muestreo por conveniencia en el Hospital COVID del estado de Querétaro, México. Se les aplicó el instrumento “EDO: Escala de Desgaste Ocupacional (Burnout)” del Dr. Uribe Prado, donde se incluyeron datos sociodemográficos, desgaste ocupacional y factores psicosomáticos manifestando la sobrecarga laboral. El proyecto fue evaluado y aprobado por un Comité de Investigación y un Comité de Bioética. Los datos se analizaron en el programa Microsoft Excel, obteniendo la correlación de Pearson, desviación estándar y medidas de tendencia central. Resultados: Se obtuvo que el 74.28% fueron mujeres y el 25.71% hombres, entre 23 a 44 años, que estuvieron en contacto directo con enfermos por COVID.19. El 60% de los profesionales de enfermería se encontraron con un Desgaste ocupacional Alto y los trastornos psicosomáticos más afectados son la ansiedad (23.4%), el dolor (23.1%) y el sueño (18.2%). Se obtuvo una correlación positiva débil de 0.15. Conclusión: El personal de enfermería no se encuentra tan desgastado debido a las estrategias de afrontamiento institucionales y a que se encuentran acostumbrados a un ambiente laboral estresante. Abstract Introduction: Worldwide, there are few studies that relate Burnout Syndrome with Work Overload manifested in psychosomatic disorders in nursing staff. Objective: To determine the relationship between work overload and prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in nursing staff working in the different COVID areas of the Antiguo Hospital General de Querétaro during the SARS-COV2 coronavirus pandemic. Methodology: Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study, carried out on 70 nursing professionals through convenience sampling at the COVID Hospital in the state of Querétaro, Mexico. The instrument "EDO: Escala de Desgaste Ocupacional (Burnout)" by Dr. Uribe Prado was applied, which included sociodemographic data, occupational wear and psychosomatic factors manifesting work overload. The project was evaluated and approved by a Research Committee and a Bioethics Committee. The data was analyzed in the Microsoft Excel program, obtaining Pearson's correlation, standard deviation and measures of central tendency. Results: It was found that 74.28% were women and 25.71% were men, between 23 and 44 years old, who were in direct contact with patients with COVID-19. 60% of the nursing professionals found themselves with High Occupational Burnout and the most affected psychosomatic disorders are anxiety (23.4%), pain (23.1%) and sleep (18.2%). A weak positive correlation of 0.15 was obtained. Conclusion: The nursing staff is not so worn out due to institutional coping strategies and because they are used to a stressful work environment

Sindrome de Burnout y Sobrecarga Laboral de Enfermerìa en el Área COVID-19

Introducción: A nivel mundial, existen escasos estudios donde relacionan el Síndrome de Burnout con la Sobrecarga laboral manifestado en trastornos psicosomáticos en el personal de enfermería. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la sobrecarga laboral y prevalencia del Síndrome de Burnout en el personal de enfermería que labora dentro de las diferentes áreas COVID del Antiguo Hospital General Querétaro durante la pandemia del coronavirus SARS-COV2. Metodología: Estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo- correlacional, realizado en 70 profesionales de enfermería mediante muestreo por conveniencia en el Hospital COVID del estado de Querétaro, México. Se les aplicó el instrumento “EDO: Escala de Desgaste Ocupacional (Burnout)” del Dr. Uribe Prado, donde se incluyeron datos sociodemográficos, desgaste ocupacional y factores psicosomáticos manifestando la sobrecarga laboral. El proyecto fue evaluado y aprobado por un Comité de Investigación y un Comité de Bioética. Los datos se analizaron en el programa Microsoft Excel, obteniendo la correlación de Pearson, desviación estándar y medidas de tendencia central. Resultados: Se obtuvo que el 74.28% fueron mujeres y el 25.71% hombres, entre 23 a 44 años, que estuvieron en contacto directo con enfermos por COVID.19. El 60% de los profesionales de enfermería se encontraron con un Desgaste ocupacional Alto y los trastornos psicosomáticos más afectados son la ansiedad (23.4%), el dolor (23.1%) y el sueño (18.2%). Se obtuvo una correlación positiva débil de 0.15. Conclusión: El personal de enfermería no se encuentra tan desgastado debido a las estrategias de afrontamiento institucionales y a que se encuentran acostumbrados a un ambiente laboral estresante.   Introduction: Worldwide, there are few studies that relate Burnout Syndrome with Work Overload manifested in psychosomatic disorders in nursing staff. Objective: To determine the relationship between work overload and prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in nursing staff working in the different COVID areas of the Antiguo Hospital General de Querétaro during the SARS-COV2 coronavirus pandemic. Methodology: Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study, carried out on 70 nursing professionals through convenience sampling at the COVID Hospital in the state of Querétaro, Mexico. The instrument "EDO: Escala de Desgaste Ocupacional (Burnout)" by Dr. Uribe Prado was applied, which included sociodemographic data, occupational wear and psychosomatic factors manifesting work overload. The project was evaluated and approved by a Research Committee and a Bioethics Committee. The data was analyzed in the Microsoft Excel program, obtaining Pearson's correlation, standard deviation and measures of central tendency. Results: It was found that 74.28% were women and 25.71% men, between 23 and 44 years old, who were in direct contact with patients with COVID-19. 60% of the nursing professionals found themselves with a High Occupational Burnout and the most affected psychosomatic disorders are anxiety (23.4%), pain (23.1%) and sleep (18.2%). A weak positive correlation of 0.15 was obtained. Conclusion: The nursing staff is not so worn out due to institutional coping strategies and because they are used to a stressful work environment

TGF-β2, EGF, and FGF21 Growth Factors Present in Breast Milk Promote Mesenteric Lymph Node Lymphocytes Maturation in Suckling Rats

Breast milk, due to its large number of nutrients and bioactive factors, contributes to optimal development and immune maturation in early life. In this study, we aimed to assess the influence of some growth factors present in breast milk, such as transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), on the immune response development. Newborn Wistar rats were supplemented daily with TGF-β2, EGF, or FGF21, throughout the suckling period. At day 14 and 21 of life, lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were isolated, immunophenotyped, and cultured to evaluate their ability to proliferate and release cytokines. The main results demonstrated that supplementation with TGF-β2, EGF, or FGF21 modified the lymphocyte composition in MLNs. At day 14, all supplementations were able to induce a lower percentage of natural killer (NK) cells with the immature phenotype (CD8+), and they reduced the CD8αα/CD8αβ ratio at day 21. Moreover, the cytokine pattern was modified by the three treatments, with a down regulation of interleukin (IL)-13 secretion. These results showed the contribution of these growth factors in the lymphocytes MLNs immune maturation during the neonatal period. View Full-Text Keywords: growth factors; breast milk; immunonutrition; cytokines; lymphocyte

Mindfulness e inteligência emocional na prevenção de recaídas em pessoas em tratamento: uma revisão

Objetivo: analizar la evidencia empírica disponible sobre los programas de intervención de Mindfulness e Inteligencia Emocional para la prevención de recaídas en personas entratamiento. Metodología: en la estrategia de búsqueda se incluyeron descriptores en los idiomas inglés (Mindfulness, emotional intelligence, relapse prevention) y español (atención plena, inteligencia emocional, prevención de la recaída). Resultados: se identifió efecto significativo de la práctica de Mindfulness, sobre la inteligencia eemocional al apoyar en la regulación de las emociones y su vez prevenirposibles recaídas. Conclusion: continuar investigando sobre el Mindfulness y sus efectos sobre la inteligencia emocional en diferentes contextos.Objective: to analyze the empirical evidence available on Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence intervention programs for relapse prevention in people in treatment. Methodology: descriptors in English (Mindfulness, emotional intelligence, relapse prevention) and Spanish (mindfulness,emotional intelligence, relapse prevention) languages were included in the search strategy. Results: a significant effect of Mindfulness practice was identified on emotional intelligence by supporting the regulation of emotions and preventing possible relapses. Conclusion: continue researching Mindfulness and its effects on emotional intelligence in different contexts.Objetivo: analisar as evidências empíricas disponíveis nos programas de intervenção Mindfulness e Emotional Intelligence para prevenção de recaídas em pessoas em tratamento. Metodologia: os descritores nos idiomas inglês (atenção plena, inteligência emocional, prevenção de recaídas) e espanhol (atenção plena, inteligência emocional, prevenção de recaídas) foram incluídos na estratégia de busca. Resultados: um efeito significativo da prática da atenção plena foi identificado na inteligência emocional, apoiando a regulação das emoções e prevenindo possíveis recaídas. Conclusão: continuar pesquisando Mindfulness e seus efeitos na inteligência emocional em diferentes contextos

Rat Milk and Plasma Immunological Profile throughout Lactation

The composition of bioactive factors with immune activity in human breast milk is widely studied. However, the knowledge on rat milk immune factors during the whole lactation period is still scarce. This study aimed to analyze rat breast milk's immunoglobulin (Ig) content and some critical adipokines and growth factors throughout the lactation period, and to assess relationships with corresponding plasma levels. During lactation, milk concentration of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 and -β3 showed a punctual increase in the first week, whereas adiponectin and leptin remained stable. In the second period of lactation (d14-21), despite the increase in the milk epidermal growth factor (EGF), a decrease in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was detected at day 21. Milk IgA concentration had a progressive increase during lactation, while no significant changes were found in IgM and IgG. Regarding plasma levels, a decrease in all studied adipokines was observed in the second period of lactation, with the exception of IgA and TGF-β1, which reached their highest values at the end of the study. A positive correlation in IgM, IgG, and adipokine concentration was detected between milk and plasma compartments. In summary, the changes in the pattern of these bioactive compounds in rat milk and plasma and their relationships during lactation are established

Modulation of the Systemic Immune Response in Suckling Rats by Breast Milk TGF-β2, EGF and FGF21 Supplementation

Breast milk is a rich fluid containing bioactive compounds such as specific growth factors (GF) that contribute to maturation of the immune system in early life. The aim of this study was to determine whether transforming growth factor- 2 (TGF- 2), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), compounds present in breast milk, could promote systemic immune maturation. For this purpose, newborn Wistar rats were daily supplemented with these GF by oral gavage during the suckling period (21 days of life). At day 14 and 21 of life, plasma for immunoglobulin (Ig) quantification was obtained and spleen lymphocytes were isolated, immunophenotyped and cultured to evaluate their ability to proliferate and release cytokines. The main result was obtained at day 14, when supplementation with EGF increased B cell proportion to reach levels observed at day 21. At the end of the suckling period, all GF increased the plasma levels of IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, FGF21 balanced the Th1/Th2 cytokine response and both EGF and FGF21 modified splenic lymphocyte composition. These results suggested that the studied milk bioactive factors, mainly EGF and FGF21, may have modulatory roles in the systemic immune responses in early life, although their physiological roles remain to be established

A Preterm Rat Model for Immunonutritional Studies

Neonates are born with an immature immune system, which develops during the first stages of life. This early immaturity is more acute in preterm newborns. The aim of the present study was to set up a preterm rat model, in which representative biomarkers of innate and adaptive immunity maturation that could be promoted by certain dietary interventions are established. Throughout the study, the body weight was registered. To evaluate the functionality of the intestinal epithelial barrier, in vivo permeability to dextrans was measured and a histomorphometric study was performed. Furthermore, the blood cell count, phagocytic activity of blood leukocytes and plasmatic immunoglobulins (Ig) were determined. Preterm rats showed lower erythrocyte and platelet concentration but a higher count of leukocytes than the term rats. Although there were no changes in the granulocytes' ability to phagocytize, preterm monocytes had lower phagocytic activity. Moreover, lower plasma IgG and IgM concentrations were detected in preterm rats compared to full-term rats, without affecting IgA. Finally, the intestinal study revealed lower permeability in preterm rats and reduced goblet cell size. Here, we characterized a premature rat model, with differential immune system biomarkers, as a useful tool for immunonutritional studies aimed at boosting the development of the immune system

Leptin and EGF Supplementation Enhance the Immune System Maturation in Preterm Suckling Rats

In preterm newborns the immaturity of the immune system is remarkable, with reduced innate and adaptive immune responses. Many bioactive compounds in breast milk, such as growth factors and adipokines, contribute to the immune system's maturation in early life. However, studies on the immunoregulatory activity in preterm neonates are practically nonexistent. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a nutritional supplementation in early life with leptin or epidermal growth factor (EGF) was able to promote the maturation of the systemic and intestinal immune system in preterm conditions. For this purpose, premature rats were daily supplemented by oral gavage with leptin or EGF. Term and Preterm groups receiving vehicle were used as controls. Preterm rats showed deficiencies compared to full-term ones, such as lower body weights, erythrocyte counts, plasma IgG and IgM concentrations and B cell percentages, and higher values of Th and Tc TCRαβ+ cells in mesenteric lymph nodes, and intestinal permeability, among others. However, leptin and EGF supplementation were able to revert some of these deficiencies and to improve the premature immune system's development. These results suggest that leptin and EGF are involved in enhancing the maturation of the systemic and intestinal immune system in preterm conditions