A avaliação do conhecimento gramatical 'oficial': estudo dos exames nacionais de Português de 2010

Na última década e a nível nacional, as provas de aferição e os exames nacionais vêm sendo objecto de polémicas, vindas de distintos quadrantes e de que é exemplo o editorial do jornal Público de 22/6/2009: “Exames 2009: como se prepara o ‘sucesso’ fácil”. Em termos da avaliação educacional, se aceitarmos que “a avaliação é sinónimo de sucesso” (Pacheco & Zabalza, 1995: 7), tal significará que, ao estudar a avaliação externa, poderemos contribuir para uma compreensão sustentada da educação em línguas. Além disso, entendendo a avaliação do conhecimento gramatical “oficial” como um factor constitutivo das disciplinas de Português, será possível descrever como são representados e avaliados os conhecimentos explícitos sobre o ensino da língua materna. Neste quadro, pretende-se, neste estudo, aprofundar a análise do domínio da gramática em provas de avaliação externa, comparando as provas de aferição de Língua Portuguesa do 4º e do 6º anos de escolaridade e os exames do 9º e do 12º anos, todos realizados no ano lectivo de 2009/2010. Com esta finalidade, o trabalho desenvolver-se-á de acordo com as seguintes dimensões de análise: a) delimitação da estrutura das diferentes provas de avaliação em Português, de acordo com domínios correntes como a leitura, a escrita ou a gramática; b) identificação dos tipos de pergunta e dos conteúdos implicados na avaliação do saber gramatical; c) categorização das questões segundo três níveis - reconhecimento, produção e explicitação dos conhecimentos sobre a língua. Para além de compreender melhor o papel da regulação externa dos saberes relativos ao conhecimento explícito da língua, deste estudo retirar-se-ão conclusões acerca das novas formas de (re)configuração da gramática escolar

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of 1,2,3-triazole-sucrose derivatives

A library of 1-(1′,2,3,3′,4,4′,6-hepta-O-acetyl-6′-deoxy-sucros-6′-yl)-1,2,3-triazoles have been investigated for their antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities. Most of the target compounds showed good inhibitory activity against a variety of clinically and food contaminant important microbial pathogens. In particular, 1-(1′,2,3,3′,4,4′,6-hepta-O-acetyl-6′-deoxy-sucros-6′-yl)-4-(4-pentylphenyl)-1,2,3- triazole (5) was highly active against all the tested bacteria with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging between 1.1 and 4.4 μM and bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) from 2.2 and 8.4 μM. The compound 1-(1′,2,3,3′,4,4′,6-hepta-O-acetyl-6′-deoxy-sucros-6′-yl)-4-(4-bromophenyl)-1,2,3-triazole (3) showed antifungal activity with MICs from 0.6 to 4.8 μM and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) ranging between 1.2 and 8.9 μM. Furthermore, some of the compounds possessed moderate cytotoxicity against human breast, lung, cervical and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, without showing toxicity for nontumor liver cells. The above mentioned derivatives represent promising leads for the development of new generation of sugar-triazole anti fungal agents.This work has been supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through grant Nos. PEst-C/EQB/LA0006/2013 and PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2014. T.M. Potewar and R.C. Calhelha are grateful to Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia for their pos-doctoral Grant Nos. SFRH/ BPD/65173/2009 and SFRH/BPD/68344/2010, respectively. The authors thank to Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development for financial support (grant number 173032). The NMR spectrometers are part of The National NMR Facility, supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (RECI/BBB-BQB/0230/2012)

Improve protective efficacy of a TB DNA-HSP65 vaccine by BCG priming

Vaccines are considered by many to be one of the most successful medical interventions against infectious diseases. But many significant obstacles remain, such as optimizing DNA vaccines for use in humans or large animals. The amount of doses, route and easiness of administration are also important points to consider in the design of new DNA vaccines. Heterologous prime-boost regimens probably represent the best hope for an improved DNA vaccine strategy. In this study, we have shown that heterologous prime-boost vaccination against tuberculosis (TB) using intranasal BCG priming/DNA-HSP65 boosting (BCGin/DNA) provided significantly greater protection than that afforded by a single subcutaneous or intranasal dose of BCG. In addition, BCGin/DNA immunization was also more efficient in controlling bacterial loads than were the other prime-boost schedules evaluated or three doses of DNA-HSP65 as a naked DNA. The single dose of DNA-HSP65 booster enhanced the immunogenicity of a single subcutaneous BCG vaccination, as evidenced by the significantly higher serum levels of anti-Hsp65 IgG2a Th1-induced antibodies, as well as by the significantly greater production of IFN-γ by antigen-specific spleen cells. The BCG prime/DNA-HSP65 booster was also associated with better preservation of lung parenchyma

Determination of Kresoxim-Methyl in Water and in Grapes by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Using PhotochemicalInduced Fluorescence and Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME)

A high-performance chromatographic method was developed to determine the fungicide kresoxim-methyl. Off-line photochemical derivatization was used to induce the formation of a stable and fluorescent product since the fungicide does not present natural fluorescence. Intense fluorescence at 370/430nm was achieved by treating the analyte in solution at pH 6 to ultraviolet light for 45s. The chromatographic conditions included isocratic elution with 50/ 50% (v/v) acetonitrile/water and the photochemical product appeared at a retention time of 7.2min. The short and long term stabilities of the photoproduct were evaluated and variation of less than 5% was achieved. The limits of detection in water samples and in grapes samples were 0.019mg kg1 and 0.065mg kg1 of kresoxim-methyl residue, respectively. The linear response covered three orders of magnitude up to 10.6mg kg1 of kresoxim-methyl. The robustness was evaluated through a Box–Behnken experimental design showing the insignificance of all factors and their interactions. The potential interference of tebuconazole for the determination of kresoxim-methyl was studied. The use of the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) allowed recoveries between 80% and 101% depending on concentration with the minimum generation of waste products

Opinião dos Alunos de Licenciatura, em Relação à Importância do Estágio Supervisionado em Química

..

Diagnósticos de enfermagem em cuidadores de crianças com fissuras orofaciais e anomalias relacionadas internadas em unidade semi-intensiva

Objetivo: Identificar os diagnósticos de enfermagem em cuidadores de crianças com fissura orofaciais e anomalias relacionadas, internadas em unidade de cuidado semi-intensivo. Método: Estudo prospectivo, realizado na unidade de terapia semi-intensiva do Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais da Universidade de São Paulo, nos meses de maio e junho de 2013. A amostra constou de 20 cuidadores. O critério de inclusão foi à adesão. Por meio da entrevista estruturada, os participantes foram avaliados em dois momentos distintos: na internação da criança e na alta hospitalar. Os diagnósticos foram formalizados segundo a taxonomia da NANDAInternacional, com enfoque psicossocial. Resultados: A amostra foi composta exclusivamente por mães, com idade média de 28,35 anos, ensino médio completo (60%), classe social média (60%), com união estável (75%) e moradia própria (75%). No momento da internação prevaleceram: o domínio papéis e relacionamentos (22%); a classe papéis do cuidador (85%), e os DE: tensão do papel de cuidador (100%), ansiedade (100%), disposição para o conhecimento aumentado (85%), disposição para controle aumentado do regime terapêutico (80%) e padrão de sono prejudicado (55%). No momento da alta prevaleceram: o domínio enfrentamento/tolerância ao estresse (33%); a classe respostas de enfrentamento (72%), e os DE: disposição para maternidade melhorada (50%), disposição para enfrentamento aumentada (50%), disposição para enfrentamento familiar aumentado (50%). Conclusão: Embora inicialmente os cuidadores tenham apresentado estresse, possivelmente devido à necessidade do aprendizado para a manutenção dos cuidados após a alta hospitalar, evidenciou-se posteriormente uma progressão em relação à aceitação situacional/enfrentamento

Ferromagnetic Levan Composite: An Affinity Matrix to Purify Lectin

A simple and inexpensive procedure used magnetite and levan to synthesize a composite recovered by a magnetic field. Lectins from Canavalia ensiformis (Con A) and Cratylia mollis (Cramoll 1 and Cramoll 1, 4) did bind specifically to composite. The magnetic property of derivative favored washing out contaminating proteins and recovery of pure lectins with glucose elution. Cramoll 1 was purified by this affinity binding procedure in two steps instead of a previous three-step protocol with ammonium sulfate fractionation, affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-75, and ion exchange chromatography through a CM-cellulose column

Beyond trees: Mapping total aboveground biomass density in the Brazilian savanna using high-density UAV-lidar data

Tropical savanna ecosystems play a major role in the seasonality of the global carbon cycle. However, their ability to store and sequester carbon is uncertain due to combined and intermingling effects of anthropogenic activities and climate change, which impact wildfire regimes and vegetation dynamics. Accurate measurements of tropical savanna vegetation aboveground biomass (AGB) over broad spatial scales are crucial to achieve effective carbon emission mitigation strategies. UAV-lidar is a new remote sensing technology that can enable rapid 3-D mapping of structure and related AGB in tropical savanna ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the capability of high-density UAV-lidar to estimate and map total (tree, shrubs, and surface layers) aboveground biomass density (AGBt) in the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado). Five ordinary least square regression models esti-mating AGBt were adjusted using 50 field sample plots (30 m × 30 m). The best model was selected under Akaike Information Criterion, adjusted coefficient of determination (adj.R2), absolute and relative root mean square error (RMSE), and used to map AGBt from UAV-lidar data collected over 1,854 ha spanning the three major vegetation formations (forest, savanna, and grassland) in Cerrado. The model using vegetation height and cover was the most effective, with an overall model adj-R2 of 0.79 and a leave-one-out cross-validated RMSE of 19.11 Mg/ha (33.40%). The uncertainty and errors of our estimations were assessed for each vegetation formation separately, resulting in RMSEs of 27.08 Mg/ha (25.99%) for forests, 17.76 Mg/ha (43.96%) for savannas, and 7.72 Mg/ha (44.92%) for grasslands. These results prove the feasibility and potential of the UAV-lidar technology in Cerrado but also emphasize the need for further developing the estimation of biomass in grasslands, of high importance in the characterization of the global carbon balance and for supporting integrated fire management activities in tropical savanna ecosystems. Our results serve as a benchmark for future studies aiming to generate accurate biomass maps and provide baseline data for efficient management of fire and predicted climate change impacts on tropical savanna ecosystems