Direct defense elicited by Tetranychus urticae koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Bt maize plants

Direct and indirect induced defense mechanisms against herbivores can be manifested in maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Furthermore, there are constitutive defenses in which plants continuously express resistance traces. In recent decades has increased the production of transgenic maize plants that constitutively express proteins with insecticide action (Bt maize). The increase of the use of transgenic maize cultivars with the Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) gene demand studies that evaluate the impacts caused by this technology on plant defense mechanisms and their impact on non-targeted organisms, as the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). We tested the hypothesis that Bt maize plants (expressing Cry1F protein) would be capable of inducing direct defenses to T. urticae after being attacked by these mites. Thus, we used plants of a commercial maize hybrid (30F35 Hx - expressing Cry1F protein) and plants of its respective non-Bt isogenic line (control). We compared the survival and reproductive performances of T. urticae on plants of both lines that were previously infested with conspecifics and on plants that did not suffer pre-infestations. The previous infestation of maize plants by T. urticae did not impacted the survival and reproductive abilities of adult and immature forms of the conspecific in both genotypes. These results suggest that, Bt maize expressing the Cry1F insecticidal protein, does not interfere in the induction of direct defense by the T. urticae when compared with conventional maize plants

Ceramic veneers on teeth with non-carious cervical lesions: case report and finite element analysis

On ceramic veneers rehabilitation, teeth with non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs), especially premolars, are often involved. Preparation to remove deep NCCLs may lead to excessive wear and a less conservative approach, which goes against the current principles of minimal wear and maximum preservation. However, no evidence exists indicating which technique could avoid excessive wear during the dental preparation for veneers associated with NCCL. Thus, this manuscript has two main purposes: 1) to present an aesthetic treatment with ceramic veneers and follow-up of 24 months of a patient with various levels of NCCL severity and 2) to evaluate various wear protocols for dental veneers associated with NCCL via Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to guide and justify the clinical decision of the clinical case described. A 37-year-old male patient presented for treatment with wear on the anterior teeth and with NCCLs of various severity degrees on the posterior teeth. The treatment chosen was rehabilitation with ceramic veneers on teeth 15 to 25. The best restorative approach for the NCCL teeth was evaluated via an FEA, simulating various protocols and lesion depths while also calculating the percentage of tooth structure loss. Restoring the premolar’s deeper NCCL with a composite resin core, before a ceramic veneer impression, presented better mechanical behavior in FEA and less tooth wear. For the 1.0 mm NCCL, beveling the lesion promoted good stress distribution, less invasive wear and an easier clinical procedure, as it did not involve a previous restorative procedure. It could be concluded that the restorative decision for premolars with NCCLs that will receive veneers should consider the set biomechanical behavior and especially the tooth structure wear necessary. For the case report presented, after two years of follow-up, no changes from the immediate result were observed, indicating that the cause of the lesions was eliminated, and that the treatment was effective, at least in the short-term. For FEA analysis, restoring the deeper NCCL prior to ceramic veneer impression, presented better mechanical behavior and less tooth wear. For the 1.0 mm NCCL, beveling the margin of the lesion generated the same good results

Perfil sensorial e teste de consumidor de biscoito wafer tipo tradicional, light e diet sabor chocolateSensorial profile and test of consumer type in traditional light, and diet flavor chocolate wafers

O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir o perfil sensorial de biscoito wafer sabor chocolate de marcas líderes no segmento de biscoitos dietéticos e tradicional (light - A; tipo diet - B e; tradicional - C). O perfil sensorial foi determinado por Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ) utilizando-se uma equipe de quatorze julgadores selecionados e treinados. A aceitação dos produtos foi avaliada por consumidores representativos do público alvo. Os resultados da ADQ foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA), teste de média de Tukey e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). A amostra C, caracterizada principalmente por aroma e sabor adocicado e de chocolate, obteve aceitação significativamente (p0,05) da amostra B (adoçada com sucralose e lactitol) em relação à aparência, aroma, sabor, textura e impressão global. De acordo com ACP, a amostra A foi caracterizada principalmente pelos atributos cor da massa, sabor queimado e crocância, a amostra B pela quantidade de recheio e espessura e, a amostra C pelo sabor de chocolate e adocicado e aroma de chocolate e adocicado. Conclui-se que, em geral, o biscoito tradicional foi melhor aceito pelos provadores e que os wafers dietéticos apresentam a mesma aceitação sensorial, diferindo, entretanto, em alguns atributos específicos de ADQ

PREVENÇÃO E MANEJO DO RN ASFIXIADO: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

To evaluate the profile of newborns with gestational age ≥ 35 weeks with perinatal anoxia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of a private maternity hospital in Aracaju, Sergipe. Methodology: This is an observational clinical study, descriptive and cross-sectional. A convenience sample was used, consisting of all newborns with a gestational age ≥ 35 weeks admitted to the NICU from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020. Neonates outside the gestational age of the study and incomplete medical records were excluded. An Apgar score less than 7 at the 5th minute was used to define neonatal anoxia (NA). The analysis used Pearson's Chi-Square, Fisher's exact, Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, in addition to descriptive data. A significance level of 5% was applied. Results: The final sample consisted of 127 children, mostly male (63.7%), with normal birth weight (75.2%) and adequate weight for gestational age (79.6%). The mean weight and mean gestational age were 2,982.7 grams (± 649.5) and 37.5 weeks (± 1.6), respectively. The groups with and without AN did not show significant epidemiological differences. A higher risk of anoxia was found in those born vaginally (p=0.001) and in those with acute perinatal events (p=0.003). Small size for gestational age was a risk factor for the outcome of death. Conclusion: Acute perinatal events and vaginal birth are risk factors for AN. Newborns who are small for gestational age have worse outcomes. Future studies discriminating the types of birth to analyze the association with AN may be useful.Avaliar o perfil dos neonatos com idade gestacional ≥ 35 semanas com anóxia perinatal na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) de uma maternidade privada de Aracaju, Sergipe. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo clínico observacional, de caráter descritivo e transversal. Utilizou-se amostra de conveniência, composta por todos os recém-nascidos com idade gestacional ≥ 35 semanas internados na UTIN de 01 janeiro de 2019 até 31 de dezembro de 2020. Foram excluídos os neonatos fora da idade gestacional do estudo e prontuários incompletos. O escore de Apgar menor que 7 no 5º minuto foi utilizado para definir anóxia neonatal (AN). A análise utilizou os testes Qui-Quadrado de Pearson, exato de Fisher, Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, além de dados descritivos. Aplicou-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A amostra final foi de 127 crianças, majoritariamente do sexo masculino (63,7%), com peso normal ao nascer (75,2%) e peso adequado para idade gestacional (79,6%). O peso médio e idade gestacional média foram 2.982,7 gramas (± 649,5) e 37,5 semanas (± 1,6), respectivamente. Os grupos com e sem AN não apresentaram diferenças epidemiológicas significativas. Foi encontrado maior risco de anoxia em nascidos por via vaginal (p=0,001) e naqueles com eventos perinatais agudos (p=0,003). Tamanho pequeno para idade gestacional foi fator de risco para o desfecho óbito. Conclusão: Eventos perinatais agudos e parto vaginal são fatores de risco para AN. Recém-nascidos pequenos para idade gestacional apresentam piores desfechos. Futuros estudos discriminando os tipos de parto para análise de associação com AN podem ser úteis

Toxicological and behavioral impacts of atrazine on Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) in choice tests.

Weeds should be controlled with low impact methods and selective agrochemicals that have little or no effect on non-target organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the herbicide atrazine (triazine class) on 10 Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) species. A female of 10 species of these natural enemies was individually placed in a glass test tube (free-choice test) with two paper cards containing 45 Anagasta (Ephestia) kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs (treatment and control), with 10 replications. The cards were sprayed with the herbicide atrazine at 8.07 L/ha; the control was sprayed with distilled water. Parasitism by these natural enemies was allowed for 48 h. Atrazine changes the behavior of female parasitoids, reducing the parasitism (≈ 71 %) and emergence (≈ 74 %) rates and sex ratio (≈ 74 %) of the Trichogrammatidae species, except for Trichogramma galloi and T. bennetti. No females emerged from eggs parasitized by T. acacioi, Trichogrammatoidea annulata, T. atopovirilia, T. bruni, T. brasiliensis, T. demoraesi, and T. soaresi with atrazine. The results revealed that atrazine herbicide is harmless to T. bennetti and T. galloi, but it was moderately harmful (80 – 99 % reduction) to the other Trichogrammatidae species based on the parasitism and emergence rates

Effects of imidacloprid-sodium chloride association on survival and reproduction of the stink bug Podisus nigrispinus

Pesticide effects on natural enemies in an agroecosystem are of paramount importance for integrated pest management programs. Natural enemies can be subject to direct and indirect exposure to insecticides and synergistic molecules (e.g., sodium chloride - NaCl) which are used to control various pests of agricultural crops such as soybean. Here, we evaluated the potential effects of imidacloprid and its interaction with NaCl as an enhancer on the survival and reproductive abilities of the non-target predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The insects were exposed to the stink bugs control field recommended dose of imidacloprid associated or not with the salt at the concentration of 0.5% (w/v). NaCl as a pesticide enhancer did not affect  the survival of  P. nigrispinus adults after 48 h of exposure (less than 12% of mortality was always recorded). However, the fifth instar nymph mortality was almost 50%. The effects of imidacloprid on the reproductive parameters of P. nigrispinus included a decrease in the oviposition, showing fewer eggs per day. However, the fertility was not affected. The NaCl addition, therefore, had no effect on the mortality, survival, and reproduction of the non-target predator. The use of NaCl associated to imidacloprid and other pesticides in the presence of P. nigrispinus demonstrated compatibility, however, it requires further evaluation to endorse the set of these pest control strategies.Los efectos de los pesticidas sobre los enemigos naturales en un agroecosistema son de suma importancia para los programas de manejo integrado de plagas. Los enemigos naturales pueden estar sujetos a la exposición directa e indirecta de insecticidas y moléculas sinérgicas (por ejemplo, cloruro de sodio - NaCl) que se utilizan para controlar diversas plagas de cultivos agrícolas como la soja. Aquí, evaluamos los posibles efectos del imidacloprid y su interacción con NaCl como un potenciador de la supervivencia y las capacidades reproductivas del depredador no objetivo Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: PentatomidaeLos insectos fueron expuestos a una tasa de campo de imidacloprid, recomendado para controlar los chinches en campos de soya. La solución de imidacloprid fue mezclada (o no) con NaCl (0.5%, w/v). El NaCl como potenciador de pesticidas no afectó la supervivencia de los adultos de P. nigrispinus después de 48 h de exposición (siempre se registró menos del 12% de mortalidad). Sin embargo, la mortalidad de la ninfa del quinto estadio fue casi del 50%. Los efectos de imidacloprid sobre los parámetros reproductivos de P. nigrispinus incluyeron una disminución en la oviposición, mostrando menos huevos por día. Sin embargo, la fertilidad no se vio afectada. La adición de NaCl, por lo tanto, no tuvo efecto sobre la mortalidad, supervivencia y reproducción del depredador no objetivo. El uso de NaCl asociado a imidacloprid y otros pesticidas en presencia de P. nigrispinus demostró compatibilidad, sin embargo, requiere una evaluación adicional para respaldar el conjunto de estas estrategias de control de plaga

Effects of duration of cold storage of host eggs on percent parasitism and adult emergence of each of Ten Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) species

Improving parasitoid mass rearing techniques is important to reduce costs of biological control programs and supply natural enemies at times of high demand. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs stored at 5 °C for different time periods as a host for Trichogrammatoidea annulata (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and for 9 Trichogramma species (T. acacioi, T. atopovirilia, T. benneti, T. brasiliensis, T. bruni, T. demoraesi, T. galloi, T. pretiosum, and T. soaresi). The experiment had a factorial design with 10 parasitoid species, 9 host storage periods (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days, and a no storage control) and 20 replications, each consisting of one card (0.4 × 2.0 cm) with 40.70 ± 0.03 eggs of A. kuehniella. Trichogrammatoidea annulata, T. acacioi, T. brasiliensis, T. bruni, T. pretiosum, and T. soaresi parasitized eggs of A. kuehniella stored up to 24 days; T. atopovirilia parasitized eggs stored up to 16 days. Trichogramma demoraesi and T. benneti parasitized eggs stored for 15 days and T. galloi parasitized eggs stored for up to 13 days. The percentage of parasitized eggs decreased when the storage period increased. Among the tested parasitoids T. acacioi parasitized eggs stored for longer periods and showed the highest percentage both of parasitism and adult emergence.Mejorar las técnicas de cría masiva es importante para reducir los costos de programas de control biológico y proveer enemigos naturales en periodos de alta demanda. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la idoneidad de huevos de Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), almacenados a 5 °C por varios periodos de tiempo, como hospederos de Trichogrammatoidea annulata (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) y nueve especies de Trichogramma (T. acacioi, T. atopovirilia, T. benneti, T. brasiliensis, T. bruni, T. demoraesi, T. galloi, T. pretiosum, and T. soaresi). El experimento tuvo un diseño factorial con 10 especies de parasitoides, 9 periodos de almacenamiento (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 y 40 días; y no almacenamiento como control) y 20 réplicas, cada una consintiendo en un pedazo de cartón (0.4 × 2.0 cm) con 40.70 ± 0.03 huevos de A. kuehniella. Trichogrammatoidea annulata, T. acacioi, T. brasiliensis, T. bruni, T. pretiosum, y T. soaresi parasitaron huevos de A. kuehniella almacenados hasta 24 días; T. atopovirilia parasitó huevos almacenados hasta 16 días. Trichogramma demoraesi y T. benneti parasitaron huevos almacenados 16 días y T. galloi parasitó huevos almacenados hasta 13 días. El porcentaje de huevos parasitados disminuyo con incrementos al periodo de almacenamiento. Dentro de los parasitoides evaluados T. acacioi parasitó huevos almacenados por periodos más largos y presento los niveles de parasitismo y de emergencia de adultos más altos

Effects of atrazine-based herbicide on emergence and sex ratio of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the herbicide atrazine, recommended for weed control in corn, on 10 species of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera). A female of each trichogrammatid was placed individually in a test tube (nochoice) with a card containing approximately 45 Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs. Parasitism by these trichogrammatids was allowed for 48 h, and the cards were sprayed with the herbicide atrazine at 6 L/ha, along with a control (distilled water). Atrazine reduced the emergence of Trichogramma bruni Nagaraja females, but increased that of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, Trichogramma demoraesi Nagaraja, Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, and Trichogramma soaresi Nagaraja. In addition, atrazine reduced the sex ratio of T. bruni, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, and Trichogramma bennetti Nagaraja & Nagarkatti, and increased that of T. demoraesi and T. soaresi. The herbicide was slightly harmful to T. bennetti and T. bruni, but was relatively harmless to the other species of Trichogrammatidae based on the standards of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC).O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do herbicida atrazine, recomendado para a cultura do milho, em 10 espécies de Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera). Uma fêmea de cada Trichogramma spp. foi individualizada e acondicionada por tubo de ensaio (sem chance de escolha) com uma cartela contendo aproximadamente 45 ovos de Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). O parasitismo desses inimigos naturais foi permitido por 48 h e as cartelas foram pulverizadas com o herbicida atrazine (6 L/ha), o controle foi pulverizado com água destilada. Atrazine reduziu a emergência de fêmeas de Trichogramma bruni Nagaraja, porém aumentou a de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, Trichogramma demoraesi Nagaraja, Trichogramma galloi Zucchi e Trichogramma soaresi Nagaraja. Além disso, atrazine reduziu a razão sexual de T. bruni, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner e Trichogramma bennetti Nagaraja & Nagarkatti, e aumentou a de T. demoraesi e T. soaresi. O herbicida foi levemente nocivo para T. bennetti e T. bruni, mas foi inócuo para as outras espécies de Trichogrammatidae com base nos padrões da “International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC)”

Metabolic switches during the first steps of adipogenic stem cells differentiation

AbstractThe understanding of metabolism during cell proliferation and commitment provides a greater insight into the basic biology of cells, allowing future applications. Here we evaluated the energy and oxidative changes during the early adipogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (hASCs). hASCs were maintained under differentiation conditions during 3 and 7days. Oxygen consumption, mitochondrial mass and membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, non-protein thiols (NPT) concentration and lipid peroxidation were analyzed. We observed that 7days of adipogenic induction are required to stimulate cells to consume more oxygen and increase mitochondrial activity, indicating organelle maturation and a transition from glycolytic to oxidative energy metabolism. ROS production was only increased after 3days and may be involved in the differentiation commitment. ROS source was not only the mitochondria and we suggest that NOX proteins are related to ROS generation and therefore adipogenic commitment. ROS production did not change after 7days, but an increased activity of catalase and NPT concentration as well as a decreased lipid peroxidation were observed. Thus, a short period of differentiation induction is able to change the energetic and oxidative metabolic profile of hASCs and stimulate cytoprotection processes