Composting

Decomposition followed by stabilization of organic substances by biological actions has been taking place in nature from the very beginning of life appeared on our planet. Anthropogenic control and utilization of the process for sanitary disposal and reclamation of organic waste material have been termed composting and the final product is named compost. Microbial community leads the processes of both aerobic and anaerobic composting and converts wastes to a stable form of nutrients. The C/N ratio is the most important factor for decomposition, especially aerobic decomposition. Microorganisms respire two-third of carbon as CO2, and one-third combines with nitrogen in living cell, and huge amount of heat energy is released as end product of aerobic decomposition as compared to anaerobic process. In agricultural world, utilization of human and animal wastes has great importance. Extensive studies on composting were initiated in India. Different composting methods like pit method, heap method, ADCO method, vermicomposting, etc. presently exist in the world. Humus is the end product of composting, and different organic wastes contain macro, micro, and trace elements, which reflect valuable properties for growing vegetation and to the soil itself

Pengaruh Penggunaan Limbah Tapioka sebagai Sumber Belajar terhadap Motivasi dan Hasil Belajar Siswa

: This aim of this research is to know (1) the differences of students\u27 motivation and achievement after using tapioca waste as learning resource in tenth grade, MAN 2 Pati in Archaebacteria and Eubacteria materials: (2) the effects of using tapioka waste as learning resources on students\u27 motivation and achievement in tenth grade, MAN 2 Pati. This research is quasi-experimental design with randomized control group, pre-post test. The study population was all students of Class X MAN 2 Pati, while the research sample is Class X-2 as the control group and Class X-3 as the experimental group. Data collection techniques were test and non-test techniques. The analyses used the t-test to determine differences in motivation and achievement. The results show that there is difference in learning motivation after using tapioca waste as a source of learning, indicated by the result of paired samples t-test, value of sig.(2-tailed)>α. There is no difference in learning achievement after using tapioca waste as a source of learning, which is indicated by paired sample t-test, the value of sig.(2-tailed)<α. Learning motivation and achievement of students who use tapioca waste as learning resources is higher than that of students who use the conventional learning resources

The Relationship Between Multiple Intelligences with Preferred Science Teaching and Science Process Skills

This study was undertaken to identify the relationship between multiple intelligences with preferred science teaching and science process skills. The design of the study is a survey using three questionnaires reported in the literature: Multiple Intelligences Questionnaire, Preferred Science Teaching Questionnaire and Science Process Skills Questionnaire. The study selected 300 primary school students from five (5) primary schools in Penang, Malaysia. The findings showed a relationship between kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial and naturalistic intelligences with the preferred science teaching. In addition there was a correlation between kinesthetic and visual-spatial intelligences with science process skills, implying that multiple intelligences are related to science learning

Lithium nickel borides: evolution of [NiB] layers driven by Li pressure

Here we show the effect of Li chemical pressure on the structure of layered polymorphs with LiNiB composition: RT-LiNiB (room temperature polymorph) and HT-LiNiB (high temperature polymorph), resulting in stabilization of the novel RT-Li1+xNiB (x ∼ 0.17) and HT-Li1+yNiB (y ∼ 0.06) phases. Depending on the synthesis temperature and initial Li content, precisely controlled via hydride route synthesis, [NiB] layers undergo structural deformations, allowing for extra Li atoms to be accommodated between the layers. In situ variable temperature synchrotron and time-dependent laboratory powder X-ray diffraction studies suggest Li step-wise deintercalation processes: RT-Li1+xNiB → RT-LiNiB (high temp.) → LiNi3B1.8 → binary Ni borides and HT-Li1+yNiB → HT-LiNiB (high temp.) → LiNi3B1.8 → binary Ni borides. Quantum chemistry calculations and solid state 7Li and 11B NMR spectroscopy shed light on the complexity of real superstructures of these compounds determined from high resolution synchrotron powder diffraction data

Use of the oral beta blocker bisoprolol to reduce the rate of exacerbation in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a randomised controlled trial (BICS)

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with significant morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Beta blockers are well-established drugs widely used to treat cardiovascular conditions. Observational studies consistently report that beta blocker use in people with COPD is associated with a reduced risk of COPD exacerbations. The bisoprolol in COPD study (BICS) investigates whether adding bisoprolol to routine COPD treatment has clinical and cost-effective benefits. A sub-study will risk stratify participants for heart failure to investigate whether any beneficial effect of bisoprolol is restricted to those with unrecognised heart disease. Methods: BICS is a pragmatic randomised parallel group double-blind placebo-controlled trial conducted in UK primary and secondary care sites. The major inclusion criteria are an established predominant respiratory diagnosis of COPD (post-bronchodilator FEV1 < 80% predicted, FEV1/FVC < 0.7), a self-reported history of ≥ 2 exacerbations requiring treatment with antibiotics and/or oral corticosteroids in a 12-month period since March 2019, age ≥ 40 years and a smoking history ≥ 10 pack years. A computerised randomisation system will allocate 1574 participants with equal probability to intervention or control groups, stratified by centre and recruitment in primary/secondary care. The intervention is bisoprolol (1.25 mg tablets) or identical placebo. The dose of bisoprolol/placebo is titrated up to a maximum of 4 tablets a day (5 mg bisoprolol) over 4–7 weeks depending on tolerance to up-dosing of bisoprolol/placebo—these titration assessments are completed by telephone or video call. Participants complete the remainder of the 52-week treatment period on the final titrated dose (1, 2, 3, 4 tablets) and during that time are followed up at 26 and 52 weeks by telephone or video call. The primary outcome is the total number of participant reported COPD exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids and/or antibiotics during the 52-week treatment period. A sub-study will risk stratify participants for heart failure by echocardiography and measurement of blood biomarkers. Discussion: The demonstration that bisoprolol reduces the incidence of exacerbations would be relevant not only to patients and clinicians but also to healthcare providers, in the UK and globally. Trial registration: Current controlled trials ISRCTN10497306. Registered on 16 August 201

Formation and evolution of post-solitons following a high intensity laser-plasma interaction with a low-density foam target

The formation and evolution of post-solitons has been discussed for quite some time both analytically and through the use of particle-in-cell (PIC) codes. It is however only recently that they have been directly observed in laser-plasma experiments. Relativistic electromagnetic (EM) solitons are localised structures that can occur in collisionless plasmas. They consist of a low-frequency EM wave trapped in a low electron number-density cavity surrounded by a shell with a higher electron number-density. Here we describe the results of an experiment in which a 100 TW Ti:sapphire laser (30 fs, 800 nm) irradiates a 0:03 gcm^-3 TMPTA foam target with a focused intensity I_l = 9:5x10^17 Wcm^-2. A third harmonic (lambda_probe ~ 266 nm) probe is employed to diagnose plasma motion for 25 ps after the main pulse interaction via Doppler-Spectroscopy. Both radiation-hydrodynamics and 2-D PIC simulations are performed to aid in the interpretation of the experimental results. We show that the rapid motion of the probe critical-surface observed in the experiment might be a signature of post-soliton wall motion