Сутність і теоретичні підходи до аналізу фінансової нестабільності

У статті розкрито сутність поняття «фінансова нестабільність». Розглянуто найбільш поширені в науковій літературі визначення фінансової нестабільності. Досліджено різні теоретичні підходи до аналізу виникнення явища фінансової нестабільності.В статье раскрыта сущность понятия «финансовая нестабильность». Рассмотрены наиболее распространенные в научной литературе определения финансовой нестабильности. Исследованы различные теоретические подходы к анализу возникновения явления финансовой нестабильности.The article reveals the essence of the concept of financial instability. The most popular definitions of financial instability in the scientific literature are considered. Various theoretical approaches of the phenomenon of financial instability are investigated

«Золота» пора кооперації в умовах непу

Рецензія на книгу: Голець В.В. Кооперація і неп (20-і рр. XX ст.). - Чернігів: Просвіта, 2006. - 244 с

The physiology of Agaricus bisporus in semi-commercial compost cultivation appears to be highly conserved among unrelated isolates

The white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus is one of the most widely produced edible fungus with a great economical value. Its commercial cultivation process is often performed on wheat straw and animal manure based compost that mainly contains lignocellulosic material as a source of carbon and nutrients for the mushroom production. As a large portion of compost carbohydrates are left unused in the current mushroom cultivation process, the aim of this work was to study wild-type A. bisporus strains for their potential to convert the components that are poorly utilized by the commercial strain A15. We therefore focused our analysis on the stages where the fungus is producing fruiting bodies. Growth profiling was used to identify A. bisporus strains with different abilities to use plant biomass derived polysaccharides, as well as to transport and metabolize the corresponding monomeric sugars. Six wild-type isolates with diverse growth profiles were compared for mushroom production to A15 strain in semi-commercial cultivation conditions. Transcriptome and proteome analyses of the three most interesting wild-type strains and A15 indicated that the unrelated A. bisporus strains degrade and convert plant biomass polymers in a highly similar manner. This was also supported by the chemical content of the compost during the mushroom production process. Our study therefore reveals a highly conserved physiology for unrelated strains of this species during growth in compost.Peer reviewe

Carbohydrate utilization and metabolism is highly differentiated in Agaricus bisporus

Peer reviewe

The Paleozoic Origin of Enzymatic Lignin Decomposition Reconstructed from 31 Fungal Genomes

Wood is a major pool of organic carbon that is highly resistant to decay, owing largely to the presence of lignin. The only organisms capable of substantial lignin decay are white rot fungi in the Agaricomycetes, which also contains non–lignin-degrading brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. Comparative analyses of 31 fungal genomes (12 generated for this study) suggest that lignin-degrading peroxidases expanded in the lineage leading to the ancestor of the Agaricomycetes, which is reconstructed as a white rot species, and then contracted in parallel lineages leading to brown rot and mycorrhizal species. Molecular clock analyses suggest that the origin of lignin degradation might have coincided with the sharp decrease in the rate of organic carbon burial around the end of the Carboniferous period

Fate of lignin and substituted xylan during commercial cultivation of Agaricus bisporus

Wheat straw based compost is the substrate for commercial growth of Agaricus bisporus mushrooms, but it is unknown to which extent the carbohydrate-lignin matrix changes and how much is metabolized during commercial cultivation. In this paper we report yields and remaining structures of the major compost carbohydrates and lignin. Hereto, a mass balance was conducted in a tunnel-experiment at industrial scale, and total dry matter, cellulose, hemicellulosic xylan and lignin were quantified (Jurak et al., 2015a). Remaining (substituted) xylan structures were extracted and analysed in detail by enzymatic fingerprinting with use of HPAEC and MALDI-TOF MS. Remaining lignin structures were subjected to analytical pyrolysis GC/MS and typical lignin units were determined. In addition, to determine why certain fractions remain unused in the compost, activities of water extracted carbohydrate degrading enzymes were analysed for their ability to degrade a range of polysaccharides (Jurak et al., 2015b,c). During growth of A. bisporus, carbohydrates were only slightly consumed and xylan was partially degraded. At the same time, lignin was metabolized for 45% based on pyrolysis GC/MS. Remaining lignin was modified, as observed by an increase in the ratio of syringyl (S) to guaiacyl (G) units from 0.5 to 0.7 during growth, while fewer decorations on the phenolic skeleton of both S and G units remained (Jurak et al., 2015a). During mushroom formation, mainly endo-xylanase, endo-glucanase, β-xylosidase and β-glucosidase activities were determined in the compost extracts. Arabinofuranosidase activity able to remove arabinosyl residues from doubly substituted xylosyl residues nor α-glucuronidase activity were detected (Jurak et al., 2015b). The latter correlated with the observed accumulation of xylan fragments substituted with arabinosyl and glucuronic acid substituents in the compost towards the end of the cultivation (Jurak et al., 2015c). Hence, it was concluded that compost grown A. bisporus lacks the ability to degrade and consume highly substituted xylan fragments

Macroalgae Derived Fungi Have High Abilities to Degrade Algal Polymers

Marine fungi associated with macroalgae are an ecologically important group that have a strong potential for industrial applications. In this study, twenty-two marine fungi isolated from the brown seaweed Fucus sp. were examined for their abilities to produce algal and plant biomass degrading enzymes. Growth of these isolates on brown and green algal biomass revealed a good growth, but no preference for any specific algae. Based on the analysis of enzymatic activities, macroalgae derived fungi were able to produce algae specific and (hemi-)cellulose degrading enzymes both on algal and plant biomass. However, the production of algae specific activities was lower than the production of cellulases and xylanases. These data revealed the presence of different enzymatic approaches for the degradation of algal biomass by macroalgae derived fungi. In addition, the results of the present study indicate our poor understanding of the enzymes involved in algal biomass degradation and the mechanisms of algal carbon source utilization by marine derived fungi. View Full-Tex

Compost grown agaricus bisporus lacks the ability to degrade and consume highly substituted xylan fragments

The fungus Agaricus bisporus is commercially grown for the production of edible mushrooms. This cultivation occurs on compost, but not all of this substrate is consumed by the fungus. To determine why certain fractions remain unused, carbohydrate degrading enzymes, water-extracted from mushroom-grown compost at different stages of mycelium growth and fruiting body formation, were analyzed for their ability to degrade a range of polysaccharides. Mainly endo-xylanase, endo-glucanase, β-xylosidase and β-glucanase activities were determined in the compost extracts obtained during mushroom growth. Interestingly, arabinofuranosidase activity able to remove arabinosyl residues from doubly substituted xylose residues and α-glucuronidase activity were not detected in the compost enzyme extracts. This correlates with the observed accumulation of arabinosyl and glucuronic acid substituents on the xylan backbone in the compost towards the end of the cultivation. Hence, it was concluded that compost grown A. bisporus lacks the ability to degrade and consume highly substituted xylan fragments

Total carbohydrate content, carbohydrate molar composition and xylan degree of substitution of compost samples obtained at PII, PIII-16, after filling, after pinning, after 1^st and after 2^nd flush.

<p>^aPII: Phase II compost; PIII-16 is Phase III compost after 16 days of mycelium growth (adapted from Jurak et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0134169#pone.0134169.ref001" target="_blank">1</a>]).</p><p>^bFilling: compost after filling of compost beds at the farm, Pinning: after mushroom pins appear, 1^st flush: after first flush of mushroom was collected, 2^nd flush: spent compost, after 2^nd flush of mushrooms was collected.</p><p>^cWeight percentage is based on dry matter of composting phases.</p><p>^dAs anhydro-sugars; STDEV < 0.5 for all samples.</p><p>^eRatio mol substituents/100mol of xylosyl residues; abbreviations: Ara, arabinosyl; Xyl, xylosyl; GlcA, glucuronic acid.</p><p>Total carbohydrate content, carbohydrate molar composition and xylan degree of substitution of compost samples obtained at PII, PIII-16, after filling, after pinning, after 1^st and after 2^nd flush.</p

An improved and reproducible protocol for the extraction of high quality fungal RNA from plant biomass substrates

Isolation of high quantity and quality RNA is a crucial step in the detection of meaningful gene expression data. Obtaining intact fungal RNA from complex lignocellulosic substrates is often difficult, producing low integrity RNA which perform poorly in downstream applications. In this study we developed an RNA extraction method using CsCl centrifugation procedure, modified from previous reports and adapted for isolation of RNA from plant biomass. This method provided high level of integrity and good quantity of RNA which were suitable for reliable analyses of gene expression and produced consistent and reproducible results