Shallow Ultraviolet Transits of WD 1145+017

WD 1145+017 is a unique white dwarf system that has a heavily polluted atmosphere, an infrared excess from a dust disk, numerous broad absorption lines from circumstellar gas, and changing transit features, likely from fragments of an actively disintegrating asteroid. Here, we present results from a large photometric and spectroscopic campaign with Hubble, Keck , VLT, Spitzer, and many other smaller telescopes from 2015 to 2018. Somewhat surprisingly, but consistent with previous observations in the u' band, the UV transit depths are always shallower than those in the optical. We develop a model that can quantitatively explain the observed "bluing" and the main findings are: I. the transiting objects, circumstellar gas, and white dwarf are all aligned along our line of sight; II. the transiting object is blocking a larger fraction of the circumstellar gas than of the white dwarf itself. Because most circumstellar lines are concentrated in the UV, the UV flux appears to be less blocked compared to the optical during a transit, leading to a shallower UV transit. This scenario is further supported by the strong anti-correlation between optical transit depth and circumstellar line strength. We have yet to detect any wavelength-dependent transits caused by the transiting material around WD 1145+017.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, 6 tables, ApJ, in pres

The Tevatron at the Frontier of Dark Matter Direct Detection

Direct detection of dark matter (DM) requires an interaction of dark matter particles with nucleons. The same interaction can lead to dark matter pair production at a hadron collider, and with the addition of initial state radiation this may lead to mono-jet signals. Mono-jet searches at the Tevatron can thus place limits on DM direct detection rates. We study these bounds both in the case where there is a contact interaction between DM and the standard model and where there is a mediator kinematically accessible at the Tevatron. We find that in many cases the Tevatron provides the current best limit, particularly for light dark matter, below 5 GeV, and for spin dependent interactions. Non-standard dark matter candidates are also constrained. The introduction of a light mediator significantly weakens the collider bound. A direct detection discovery that is in apparent conflict with mono-jet limits will thus point to a new light state coupling the standard model to the dark sector. Mono-jet searches with more luminosity and including the spectrum shape in the analysis can improve the constraints on DM-nucleon scattering cross section.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures, final version in JHE

Effet de l'étomidate sur la production de cortisol chez les patients intubés pour traumatisme cranio-cérébral : une étude de cohorte prospective

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2007-2008.OBJECTIF : L’étomidate, un agent inducteur très utilisé pour l’intubation des traumatisés cranio-cérébraux (TCC), soulève des débats par rapport à son effet néfaste sur la fonction surrénalienne. Cette étude visait à évaluer le risque et la durée de l’insuffisance surrénalienne relative (ISR) induite par l’étomidate chez les TCC. Secondairement, elle visait à évaluer son effet sur la mortalité et la morbidité. MÉTHODES : Cette étude d’observation a adopté un devis longitudinal prospectif. Les sujets admissibles étaient tous des TCC modérés et sévères intubés, âgés de 16 ans ou plus, qui ont été admis à l'Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus entre août 2003 et novembre 2004. Un test de stimulation à l’ACTH (250 mcg) a été effectué 24, 48 et 168 heures après l’intubation. L’ISR a été définie par une augmentation de la cortisolémie une heure après l’ACTH (delta cortisol) de moins de 248,4 nmol/l. Des analyses de régression logistique et linéaire ont été effectuées afin de mesurer la force de l'association entre l’usage de l'étomidate et le risque d'ISR, la mortalité et les mesures de morbidité. RÉSULTATS : Parmi les 94 sujets admissibles à l’étude, 40 ont subi des tests à l’ACTH. Parmi ces 40 sujets, 15 ont reçu l’étomidate et 25 ont reçu un autre agent inducteur. À 24 heures, il n’y avait pas d’augmentation d’ISR associée à l’étomidate. Par contre, l’étomidate était associé à un delta cortisol plus faible (moyenne ajustée : 305,1 nmol/l, IC 95 % [214,7-384,8] versus 500,5 nmol/l, IC 95 % [441,8-565,7]; p=0,02). À 48 et à 168 heures, cette différence disparaissait. Pour tous les patients admissibles (n=94), l’étomidate était associé à un risque non statistiquement significatif de mortalité plus élevé (RC ajusté : 4,8, IC 95 % [0,6-35,9]). Par contre, il était associé à une hausse significative du risque de pneumonie (RC ajusté : 3,0, IC 95 % [1,0-8,7]; p=0,04). La durée moyenne ajustée de séjour aux soins intensifs n’était pas différente (10,2 jours pour l’étomidate versus 10,8 jours pour les autres agents). Au congé, le score moteur ajusté de la mesure d’indépendance fonctionnelle (MIF) était plus bas pour les sujets exposés à l’étomidate (32 versus 56, p=0,002), mais le score cognitif ajusté n’était pas différent entre les groupes (35 versus 46, p=0,15). CONCLUSION : L’étomidate inhibe la production de cortisol suite à une stimulation à l’ACTH jusqu’à 24 heures après une dose unique utilisée pour intuber des TCC modérés et sévères. Son impact sur la mortalité et sur la morbidité reste à préciser à l’aide d’un essai clinique randomisé et contrôlé.INTRODUCTION: Etomidate is one of the most frequently used anesthetic induction agents for intubating patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), although the clinical impacts of its adverse effects on adrenal function are debated. Therefore, it is important to assess the consequences of any adrenal suppression that could result from its use in patients with TBI. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to determine the risk and the length of relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) induced by etomidate in patients intubated for moderate and severe TBI. The secondary objective was to determine etomidate’s impact on mortality and morbidity. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study. Eligible participants were moderate to severe TBI victims aged 16 years and over, intubated and admitted to a tertiary neurosurgical reference center between August 2003 and November 2004. ACTH stimulation tests (250 mcg) were performed on participants 24, 48 and 168 hours after intubation. RAI was defined as an increased of serum cortisol one hour post ACTH (delta cortisol) of less than 248.4 nmol/L (9 mcg/dl). Logistic and linear regression models assessed the association between the exposure to etomidate and the risk of RAI. RESULTS: Of the 94 subjects eligible to participate, 40 underwent ACTH testing. Fifteen subjects received etomidate and 25 received other induction agents. At 24 hours, etomidate did not change the risk of RAI. However, etomidate decreased the delta cortisol (adjusted mean: 305.1 nmol/l, 95% CI [214.7-384.8] vs. 500.5 nmol/l, 95% CI [441.8-565.7], p=0.02). At 48 and 168 hours, this difference disappeared. For all eligible subjects (n=94), there was a non significant trend for increased mortality in the etomidate group (adjusted OR: 4.8, 95% CI [0.6-35.9]). Etomidate was however associated with a significant increased risk of pneumonia (adjusted OR: 3.0, 95% CI [1.0-8.7]; p=0.04). The adjusted length of stay in the intensive care unit was not different (10.2 days for etomidate versus 10.8 days for the other agents). At discharge, the adjusted motor Functional Independence Measure score was significantly lower for subjects in the etomidate group (32 versus 56, p=0.002), but the adjusted cognitive score was not significantly different (35 versus 46, p=0.15). CONCLUSION: Etomidate decreases the adrenal response to an ACTH test up to 24 hours after a single dose used for the intubation of TBI victims. A large randomized controlled trial is needed to further assess its impact on morbidity and mortality

Reducing Barriers to Accessing Administrative Data on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination for Research

Public trust in scientific research, especially research regarding vaccines, has proven fragile during the COVID-19 pandemic. To counter abundant misinformation about SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, rigorous, ongoing evaluations of vaccine safety and effectiveness by independent Canadian researchers are important. However, researchers\u27 efforts to conduct timely, national studies of vaccine effectiveness have been hindered by barriers to data sharing that have made it difficult to integrate patients\u27 vaccination status into SARS-CoV-2 clinical and epidemiological studies. Here, McRae et al discuss how a risk-averse data-sharing culture has led to missed opportunities to conduct robust, timely, pan-Canadian SARS-CoV-2 clinical and vaccine effectiveness studies, and outline mechanisms for data sharing that can and should be undertaken

Sense-making strategies in explorative intelligence analysis of network evolutions

Visualising how social networks evolve is important in intelligence analysis in order to detect and monitor issues, such as emerging crime patterns or rapidly growing groups of offenders. It remains an open research question how this type of information should be presented for visual exploration. To get a sense of how users work with different types of visualisations, we evaluate a matrix and a node-link diagram in a controlled thinking aloud study. We describe the sense-making strategies that users adopted during explorative and realistic tasks. Thereby, we focus on the user behaviour in switching between the two visualisations and propose a set of nine strategies. Based on a qualitative and quantitative content analysis we show which visualisation supports which strategy better. We find that the two visualisations clearly support intelligence tasks and that for some tasks the combined use is more advantageous than the use of an individual visualisation

Faculty Perceptions of Using Synchronous Video-Based Communication Technology

Online learning has traditionally relied on asynchronous text-based communication. The COVID-19 pandemic, though, has provided many faculty members with new and/or additional experience using synchronous video-based communication. Questions remain, though, about how this experience will shape online teaching and learning in the future. We conducted a mixed method study to investigate faculty perceptions of using synchronous video-based communication technology. In this paper, we present the results of our inquiry and implications for future research and practice

Machine learning workflow for edge computed arrhythmia detection in exploration class missions

Deep-space missions require preventative care methods based on predictive models for identifying in-space pathologies. Deploying such models requires flexible edge computing, which Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX) formats enable by optimizing inference directly on wearable edge devices. This work demonstrates an innovative approach to point-of-care machine learning model pipelines by combining this capacity with an advanced self-optimizing training scheme to classify periods of Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR), Atrial Fibrillation (AFIB), and Atrial Flutter (AFL). 742 h of electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings were pre-processed into 30-second normalized samples where variable mode decomposition purged muscle artifacts and instrumentation noise. Seventeen heart rate variability and morphological ECG features were extracted by convoluting peak detection with Gaussian distributions and delineating QRS complexes using discrete wavelet transforms. The decision tree classifier’s features, parameters, and hyperparameters were self-optimized through stratified triple nested cross-validation ranked on F1-scoring against cardiologist labeling. The selected model achieved a macro F1-score of 0.899 with 0.993 for NSR, 0.938 for AFIB, and 0.767 for AFL. The most important features included median P-wave amplitudes, PRR20, and mean heart rates. The ONNX-translated pipeline took 9.2 s/sample. This combination of our self-optimizing scheme and deployment use case of ONNX demonstrated overall accurate operational tachycardia detection

Major urban road characteristics and injured pedestrians: A representative survey of intersections in Montréal, Quebec

OBJECTIVES: In urban settings, pedestrian fatalities and injuries are concentrated on major roads. This study aims to describe urban intersections with major roads (arterials and collector roads) and explore the association between intersection characteristics and injured pedestrians. METHODS: From a stratified random sampling in Montréal, Quebec, 512 intersections were selected and their characteristics collected. The number of injured pedestrians from 1999 to 2008 was obtained from ambulance services. Binomial negative regression models (including IRR: incidence rate ratios) were calculated to determine associations between intersection characteristics and injured pedestrians: i) at all intersections; ii) at intersections with multi-lane roads and iii) at signalized intersections with available vehicle and pedestrian counts. RESULTS: Major intersections had more traffic lanes and longer pedestrian crossings than minor intersections. Bus stops were also more frequent at these intersections. Overall, each additional traffic lane was associated with a 75% increase in the number of injured pedestrians. At intersections with multi-lane roads, a fourth branch, vehicles parked within 5 m of the intersection, and marked crosswalks significantly increased the number of injured pedestrians. Raised medians had no significant protective effect. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that besides traffic and pedestrian volumes, intersection characteristics contribute to pedestrian injuries. The reduction of traffic lanes, parking prohibition near intersections and implementation of appropriate pedestrian refuge areas would improve pedestrian safety