Genetic Variation and Differentiation in Mexican Populations of Common Bush-Tanagers and Chestnut-Capped Brush-Finches

Genetic differentiation among four Mexican populations each of Common Bush-tanagers (Chlorospingus ophthalmicus) and Chestnut-capped Brush-finches (Atlapetes brunneinucha) was evaluated using allozyme electrophoresis. In both species, although levels of within-population variation are moderate, among-population variation is extreme, including fixed differences among populations. Genetic variation is significantly reduced in some populations on the smallest habitat islands. Differentiation is apparently unrelated to geographic distance among populations, and effects of habitat island size and isolation on genetic differentiation are not clear. Populations of the Sierra de los Tuxtlas in Veracruz, however, are strongly differentiated in both species

Bird faunas of the humid montane forests of Mesoamerica: biogeographic patterns and priorities for conservation

The distribution of 335 species of birds in 33 islands of humid montane forest in Mesoamerica is summarized, and patterns of distribution, diversity and endemism are analysed. The montane forests of Costa Rica and western Panama far exceed other habitat islands considered for species-richness, richness of species endemic to Mesoamerica, and richness of species ecologically restricted to humid montane forests. Other regions, such as the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero and Oaxaca, the Los Tuxtlas region of southern Veracruz and the mountains of Chiapas and Guatemala, also hold rich and endemic avifaunas. Based on patterns of similarity of avifaunas, the region can be divided into seven regions holding distinctive avifaunas (Costa Rica and western Panama; northern Central America and northern Chiapas; southern Chiapas; eastern Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; Sierra Madre del Sur; interior Oaxaca; and Transvolcanic Belt and Sierra Madre Occidental), which serve as useful guides for the setting of priorities for conservation action. Se resumen las distribuciones de 335 especies de aves en 33 islas de bosque humedo de montana en Mesoamerica, y se analizan patrones de distribution, diversidad y endemismo. Los bosques montanos de Costa Rica y del oeste de Panama tienen la mas alta riqueza de especies, riqueza de especies endemicas a Mesoamerica, y riqueza de especies ecologicamente restringidas a bosque humedo de montana. Otras regiones, tales como la Sierra Madre del Sur de Guerrero y Oaxaca, la region de Los Tuxtlas y las montanas de Chiapas y Guatemala, tambien tienen avifaunas ricas en especies y en endemicas. Basado en patrones de similitud de avifaunas, se puede dividir Mesoamerica en siete regiones que tienen avifaunas distintas (Costa Rica y el oeste de Panama; el norte de Centroamerica y el norte de Chiapas; el sur de Chiapas; el este de Mexico; la Sierra Madre del Sur; el interior de Oaxaca; y el Eje Neovolcanico y la Sierra Madre Occidental), las cuales pueden servir como guias en el establecimiento de prioridades para la conservation

Los roles del patriarcado asignados a las mujeres en la Ruta de su Evasión de Yolanda Oreamuno y Corazón Ladino de Yolanda Consuegra Martínez

La literatura escrita por mujeres en Centroamérica durante años ha sido escasa, tanto en su escritura como en su producción. Llegando al punto de ser marginada e invisibilizada. Por lo general, lo que conocemos es la literatura escrita por hombres o donde las mujeres ejercen papeles inferiores, como amas de casa, madres de familia, o ejerciendo los roles del patriarcado; pero pocas veces como protagonistas de las historias literaria

Role of Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation in the Pathophysiology of NAFLD

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterised by an excess of hepatic fat that can progress to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. The imbalance between lipid uptake/lipogenesis and lipid oxidation/secretion in the liver is a major feature of NAFLD. Given the lack of a non-invasive and reliable methods for the diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), it is important to find serum markers that are capable of discriminating or defining patients with this stage of NASH. Blood samples were obtained from 152 Caucasian subjects with biopsy-proven NAFLD due to persistently elevated liver enzyme levels. Metabolites representative of oxidative stress were assessed. The findings derived from this work revealed that NAFLD patients with a NASH score of ≥ 4 showed significantly higher levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO). Indeed, LPO levels above the optimal operating point (OOP) of 315.39 μM are an independent risk factor for presenting a NASH score of ≥ 4 (OR: 4.71; 95% CI: 1.68–13.19; p = 0.003). The area under the curve (AUC = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.73–0.89, p < 0.001) shows a good discrimination ability of the model. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the basal inflammation present in these patients is postulated as a possible source of biomarkers and therapeutic targets in NASH.This research was funded by Consejería de Educación de Castilla y León (VA256P20), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grant CB21/13/0005, PI21/00917 and COV20/00491), Junta de Castilla y León (18IGOF), Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (GRS2398/A/21), Fundación Ramón Areces (CIVP19A5953) and 7th Call for Gilead Biomedical Research Grants in HIV, Liver Diseases and Haemato-oncology

The role of historical and contemporary processes on phylogeographic structure and genetic diversity in the Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis

Background Earth history events such as climate change are believed to have played a major role in shaping patterns of genetic structure and diversity in species. However, there is a lag between the time of historical events and the collection of present-day samples that are used to infer contemporary population structure. During this lag phase contemporary processes such as dispersal or non-random mating can erase or reinforce population differences generated by historical events. In this study we evaluate the role of both historical and contemporary processes on the phylogeography of a widespread North American songbird, the Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis. Results Phylogenetic analysis revealed deep mtDNA structure with six lineages across the species\u27 range. Ecological niche models supported the same geographic breaks revealed by the mtDNA. A paleoecological niche model for the Last Glacial Maximum indicated that cardinals underwent a dramatic range reduction in eastern North America, whereas their ranges were more stable in México. In eastern North America cardinals expanded out of glacial refugia, but we found no signature of decreased genetic diversity in areas colonized after the Last Glacial Maximum. Present-day demographic data suggested that population growth across the expansion cline is positively correlated with latitude. We propose that there was no loss of genetic diversity in areas colonized after the Last Glacial Maximum because recent high-levels of gene flow across the region have homogenized genetic diversity in eastern North America. Conclusion We show that both deep historical events as well as demographic processes that occurred following these events are critical in shaping genetic pattern and diversity in C. cardinalis. The general implication of our results is that patterns of genetic diversity are best understood when information on species history, ecology, and demography are considered simultaneously

The role of historical and contemporary processes on phylogeographic structure and genetic diversity in the Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Earth history events such as climate change are believed to have played a major role in shaping patterns of genetic structure and diversity in species. However, there is a lag between the time of historical events and the collection of present-day samples that are used to infer contemporary population structure. During this lag phase contemporary processes such as dispersal or non-random mating can erase or reinforce population differences generated by historical events. In this study we evaluate the role of both historical and contemporary processes on the phylogeography of a widespread North American songbird, the Northern Cardinal, <it>Cardinalis cardinalis</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Phylogenetic analysis revealed deep mtDNA structure with six lineages across the species' range. Ecological niche models supported the same geographic breaks revealed by the mtDNA. A paleoecological niche model for the Last Glacial Maximum indicated that cardinals underwent a dramatic range reduction in eastern North America, whereas their ranges were more stable in México. In eastern North America cardinals expanded out of glacial refugia, but we found no signature of decreased genetic diversity in areas colonized after the Last Glacial Maximum. Present-day demographic data suggested that population growth across the expansion cline is positively correlated with latitude. We propose that there was no loss of genetic diversity in areas colonized after the Last Glacial Maximum because recent high-levels of gene flow across the region have homogenized genetic diversity in eastern North America.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We show that both deep historical events as well as demographic processes that occurred following these events are critical in shaping genetic pattern and diversity in <it>C. cardinalis</it>. The general implication of our results is that patterns of genetic diversity are best understood when information on species history, ecology, and demography are considered simultaneously.</p

Elaboración de recetas de postres a base de chía y edulcorantes

La siguiente monografía tiene el objetivo de dar una alternativa de alimentación en postres bajos en calorías y un alto nivel nutricional por medio de la Chía la cual es una semilla que nos permite bajar las calorías en los postres y que a la vez tiene un potencial nutricional con altos niveles de fibra, antioxidantes, calcio, proteínas, omega 3 y muchos componentes beneficiosos para nuestro organismo. Además estará respaldado con el uso de tres tipos de Edulcorantes que nos permitió optimizar los resultados de los postres bajos en calorías y lograr suprimir el uso de azúcar en los postres.The purpose of this monograph is provide an alternative to feeding of low calorie desserts and high nutritional level -through to Chia. This is a seed That Allows us to lower the calories in desserts and That Also has a potential nutritional With high levels of fiber , antioxidants , calcium , protein , omega-3 and others components beneficial for our body . Additionaly is used three types of sweeteners that allow us to optimize the results of the low-calorie desserts and remove the sugar in the same.Licenciado en Gastronomía y Servicio de Alimentos y BebidasCuenc

Cypseloidesstoreri, a nes species of swift from Mexico

A new species of swift (Cypseloides storeri) is described and given the English name Whitefreonted Swift. It apparently is most closely related to C. cryptus of Central America and northern South America. It is known freom four specimens obtained in Michoacan and Guerrero in southwestern Mexico

Proyecto de producción sustentable de pepinos de mar para la exportación al mercado asiático.

El consumo mundial de pepinos de mar se concentra fuertemente en Asia, siendo Hong Kong el mayor importador a nivel mundial. La demanda de pepinos de mar en mercados extranjeros asciende a 8.008 toneladas al año y en los últimos años ha registrado en promedio un incremento de aproximadamente 700 toneladas anuales. Entre los principales consumidores se encuentran China, Japón, Corea, Malasia y Tailandia. El motivo por el cual este producto es tan apetecido en muchos países asiáticos tiene relación con la gastronomía, debido a que se considera que tiene propiedades curativas y afrodisíacas. Las altas cantidades demandadas de este producto en el mercado asiático, constituye una gran oportunidad de negocio para la generación de ingresos a nuestro país. El problema surge en que al tratarse de un negocio de alta rentabilidad, existe la posibilidad de extinción de la especie, por la pesca excesiva y depredadora, lo cual afectaría significativamente al ecosistema marino, por la función que cumple el pepino de mar en la preservación del mismo. Es por ésta razón que la pesca en muchos países, incluido Ecuador, es restringida a cuotas de captura y en determinados meses del añ