Desarrollo de estrategias de marketing de comunicación comercial en Redes Sociales por parte de las organizaciones

El objeto de estudio de la tesis “Desarrollo de estrategias de marketing de comunicación comercial en Redes Sociales por parte de las organizaciones” es entender cómo las organizaciones están aprovechando las Redes Sociales (RRSS) para desarrollar estrategias de marketing de comunicación comercial y cómo lo pueden hacer en el futuro. En el trabajo se muestra cómo estos entornos se postulan cómo una herramienta útil para las organizaciones a la hora de comunicarse con sus grupos de interés. En primer lugar, se ha desarrollado un análisis pormenorizado de la evolución y uso de las RRSS por parte de la sociedad en su conjunto, haciendo hincapié en las generaciones más predominantes en estos entornos: la generación millennial y la generación centennial. Demostrado el impacto de las RRSS en la sociedad, se explica el uso que las organizaciones hacen de estos entornos, centrándose en cómo desarrollan estrategias de marketing de comunicación comercial en RRSS. El capítulo introductorio finaliza con la justificación de la investigación, el diseño de la investigación y los objetivos que se pretenden conseguir, definiendo subobjetivos para cada uno de los capítulos que componen el trabajo. En los capítulos 2, 3, 4 y 5 se recogen los artículos y capítulos de libro que componen este trabajo doctoral por compendio de artículos. En ellos, se desarrollan diferentes investigaciones con metodologías tanto cualitativas como cuantitativas que permiten analizar cómo las organizaciones y los usuarios hacen uso de las RRSS. Como consecuencia, de cada una de las investigaciones realizadas se extraen discusiones académicas, gerenciales y sociales claras que ofrecen tanto a la academia como a las organizaciones, respuestas y claves para poder hacer un uso correcto de las RRSS como canal para el desarrollo de estrategias de comunicación comercial. Dichas conclusiones se aglutinan en el capítulo 6. Como conclusiones principales se puede destacar que, en función de las características de la RRSS en la que desarrollen dichas estrategias de comunicación comercial, así como, el tipo de audiencia al que deseen dirigirse, las organizaciones deberán emplear una serie de técnicas u otras, siempre tratando de generar un mayor engagement con sus stakeholders. En este sentido, las organizaciones deben ser conscientes del surgimiento de nuevas RRSS, así como de las demandas sociales que existen por parte de sus audiencias. Las limitaciones y futuras líneas de investigación se aglutinan en el capítulo seis. De cada una de las limitaciones destacadas en dicho epígrafe, surgen nuevas líneas de investigación con las que seguir profundizando en la investigación del uso de RRSS en las estrategias de marketing de comunicación comercial

Curricular integration of an online platform for the learning of mathematics in primary education

Presentamos el método Smartick para el aprendizaje de las matemáticas online, explicando cómo se ha integrado en el entorno escolar, en 11 colegios de educación primaria, dentro y fuera del horario de la clase de matemáticas. En el apartado principal del trabajo, explicamos cómo las actividades de la plataforma Smartick favorecen el desarrollo de las capacidades matemáticas fundamentales (en el modelo de PISA 2012) que contribuyen al desarrollo de la competencia matemática. La adopción de este modelo de capacidades está orientada a la integración curricular de este método de aprendizaje, haciendo que esté alineado con las iniciativas internacionales curriculares más recientes. Tras varios años de experimentación, análisis retrospectivos de resultados, y reflexiones sobre la práctica y desde la literatura, finalizamos el artículo con implicaciones para la teoría en el ámbito de la didáctica de las matemáticasWe present the Smartick method for the learning of mathematics online, explaining how it has been integrated into the school environment, in 11 primary schools, within and outside the hours of math class. In the main section of the paper, we explain how the activities of the Smartick platform favor the development of basic math capabilities (following the model of PISA 2012) that contribute to the development of mathematical competence. The adoption of this model of capabilities is oriented to the integration of this method of learning with curriculum, so that the method is aligned with most recent international curricular initiatives. After testing the method for several years, retrospective analysis of results, and reflections on practice and from literature, we finish the article with some implications for theory in the field of mathematics educatio

La adherencia terapéutica y el uso de las tics en población adolescente con enfermedad crónica

Trabajo fin de grado en EnfermeríaUn número cada vez adolescentes presentan una enfermedad crónica. Convivir con este tipo de patologías es una tarea compleja que puede verse complicada por características no sólo de la propia enfermedad sino de la etapa vital. Sin embargo los estudios e intervenciones desarrollados para mejorar el manejo de este tipo de enfermedades son escasos en nuestro entorno. Una adecuada adherencia al régimen terapéutico es clave para la prevención de complicaciones y mejora de la calidad de vida, sin embargo el conocimiento existente en torno a cómo gestionan los adolescentes su salud es limitado. En los últimos años se han desarrollado estrategias en salud utilizando las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación para la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio es explorar las percepciones de los adolescentes con una enfermedad crónica en relación a su régimen terapéutico y describir el uso que hacen éstos de las TICs en el manejo de su enfermedad. Para ello se realizará un estudio con metodología cualitativa con base en el Interaccionismo Simbólico, desde una perspectiva constructivista. Se captará a adolescentes de entre 15 y 19 años que tengan una enfermedad crónica, en las consultas de atención especializada de tres hospitales de Madrid así como centros de salud y se organizarán en grupos de discusión. Una vez recogidos los datos estos serán codificados y analizados siguiendo los criterios éticos y de calidad.An increasing number of adolescents present a chronic illness. Living with this type of pathology is a complex task that can be complicated by characteristics not only of the disease itself but of the vital stage. However, the studies and interventions developed to improve the management of this type of diseases are scarce in our environment. Adequate adherence to the therapeutic regimen is key for the prevention of complications and improvement of the quality of life, however the existing knowledge about how adolescents manage their health is limited. In recent years, health strategies have been developed using new information and communication technologies for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The aim of this study is to explore the perceptions of adolescents with a chronic disease in relation to their therapeutic regimen and to describe their use of ICTs in the management of their disease. For this, a study with qualitative methodology based on Symbolic Interaccionism will be carried out, from a constructivist perspective. Adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 who have a chronic illness will be reached in specialized care consultations of three hospitals in Madrid as well as health centers and will be organized into discussion groups. Once collected the data will be coded and analyzed according to ethical and quality criteria

Potent Anticancer Activity of CXCR4-Targeted Nanostructured Toxins in Aggressive Endometrial Cancer Models

Patients with advanced endometrial cancer (EC) show poor outcomes. Thus, the development of new therapeutic approaches to prevent metastasis development in high-risk patients is an unmet need. CXCR4 is overexpressed in EC tumor tissue, epitomizing an unexploited therapeutic target for this malignancy. The in vitro antitumor activity of two CXCR4-targeted nanoparticles, including either the C. diphtheriae (T22-DITOX-H6) or P. aeruginosa (T22-PE24-H6) toxin, was evaluated using viability assays. Apoptotic activation was assessed by DAPI and caspase-3 and PARP cleavage in cell blocks. Both nanotoxins were repeatedly administrated to a subcutaneous EC mouse model, whereas T22-DITOX-H6 was also used in a highly metastatic EC orthotopic model. Tumor burden was assessed through bioluminescence, while metastatic foci and toxicity were studied using histological or immunohistochemical analysis. We found that both nanotoxins exerted a potent antitumor effect both in vitro and in vivo via apoptosis and extended the survival of nanotoxin-treated mice without inducing any off-target toxicity. Repeated T22-DITOX-H6 administration in the metastatic model induced a dramatic reduction in tumor burden while significantly blocking peritoneal, lung and liver metastasis without systemic toxicity. Both nanotoxins, but especially T22-DITOX-H6, represent a promising therapeutic alternative for EC patients that have a dismal prognosis and lack effective therapies

Probing the Biosafety of Implantable Artificial Secretory Granules for the Sustained Release of Bioactive Proteins

Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UABAmong bio-inspired protein materials, secretory protein microparticles are of clinical interest as self-contained, slow protein delivery platforms that mimic secretory granules of the human endocrine system, in which the protein is both the drug and the scaffold. Upon subcutaneous injection, their progressive disintegration results in the sustained release of the building block polypeptides, which reach the bloodstream for systemic distribution and subsequent biological effects. Such entities are easily fabricated in vitro by Zn-assisted cross-molecular coordination of histidine residues. Using cationic Zn for the assembly of selected pure protein species and in the absence of any heterologous holding material, these granules are expected to be nontoxic and therefore adequate for different clinical uses. However, such presumed biosafety has not been so far confirmed and the potential protein dosage threshold not probed yet. By selecting the receptor binding domain (RBD) from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein as a model protein and using a mouse lab model, we have explored the toxicity of RBD-made secretory granules at increasing doses up to ∼100 mg/kg of animal weight. By monitoring body weight and biochemical blood markers and through the histological scrutiny of main tissues and organs, we have not observed systemic toxicity. Otherwise, the bioavailability of the material was demonstrated by the induction of specific antibody responses. The presented data confirm the intrinsic biosafety of artificial secretory granules made by recombinant proteins and prompt their further clinical development as self-contained and dynamic protein reservoirs

Self-assembling toxin-based nanoparticles as self-delivered antitumoral drugs

Loading capacity and drug leakage from vehicles during circulation in blood is a major concern when developing nanoparticle-based cell-targeted cytotoxics. To circumvent this potential issue it would be convenient the engineering of drugs as self-delivered nanoscale entities, devoid of any heterologous carriers. In this context, we have here engineered potent protein toxins, namely segments of the diphtheria toxin and the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin as self-assembling, self-delivered therapeutic materials targeted to CXCR4 cancer stem cells. The systemic administration of both nanostructured drugs in a colorectal cancer xenograft mouse model promotes efficient and specific local destruction of target tumor tissues and a significant reduction of the tumor volume. This observation strongly supports the concept of intrinsically functional protein nanoparticles, which having a dual role as drug and carrier, are designed to be administered without the assistance of heterologous vehicles

Release of targeted protein nanoparticles from functional bacterial amyloids : A death star-like approach

Altres ajuts: we are indebted to CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (projects NANOREMOTE and VENOM4CANCER) to EV and AV respectively, Marató de TV3 foundation (TV32013-132031) and CIBER (NanoMets3) to RM. Protein production has been partially performed by the ICTS "NANBIOSIS", more specifically by the Protein Production Platform of CIBER in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN)/IBB, at the UAB SepBioES scientific-technical service (http://www.nanbiosis.es/unit/u1-protein-production-platform-ppp/), whereas the in vivo biodistribution assays were performed in the NANBIOSIS Nanotoxicology platform (http://www.nanbiosis.es/unit/u18-nanotoxicology-unit/). We are also indebted to Fran Cortes from the Cell Culture and Cytometry Units of the Servei de Cultius Cel·lulars, Producció d'Anticossos i Citometria (SCAC), and to the Servei de Microscòpia at the UAB. AV received an ICREA ACADEMIA award. U.U received a Sara Borrell postdoctoral fellowship from ISCIII, MVC was supported by Miguel Servet contract from ISCIII, and JSF received and AECC postdoctoral fellowship.Sustained release of drug delivery systems (DDS) has the capacity to increase cancer treatment efficiency in terms of drug dosage reduction and subsequent decrease of deleterious side effects. In this regard, many biomaterials are being investigated but none offers morphometric and functional plasticity and versatility comparable to protein-based nanoparticles (pNPs). Here we describe a new DDS by which pNPs are fabricated as bacterial inclusion bodies (IB), that can be easily isolated, subcutaneously injected and used as reservoirs for the sustained release of targeted pNPs. Our approach combines the high performance of pNP, regarding specific cell targeting and biodistribution with the IB supramolecular organization, stability and cost effectiveness. This renders a platform able to provide a sustained source of CXCR4-targeted pNPs that selectively accumulate in tumor cells in a CXCR4 colorectal cancer xenograft model. In addition, the proposed system could be potentially adapted to any other protein construct offering a plethora of possible new therapeutic applications in nanomedicine

Rational engineering of single-chain polypeptides into protein-only, BBB-targeted nanoparticles

A single chain polypeptide containing the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) ligand Seq-1 with blood-brain barrier (BBB) crossing activity has been successfully modified by conventional genetic engineering to self-assemble into stable protein-only nanoparticles of 30 nm. The nanoparticulate presentation dramatically enhances in vitro, LDLR-dependent cell penetrability compared to the parental monomeric version, but the assembled protein does not show any enhanced brain targeting upon systemic administration. While the presentation of protein drugs in form of nanoparticles is in general advantageous regarding correct biodistribution, this principle might not apply to brain targeting that is hampered by particular bio-physical barriers. Irrespective of this fact, which is highly relevant to the nanomedicine of central nervous system, engineering the cationic character of defined protein stretches is revealed here as a promising and generic approach to promote the controlled oligomerization of biologically active protein species as still functional, regular nanoparticles

Self-assembling protein nanocarrier for selective delivery of cytotoxic polypeptides to CXCR4 + head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumors

Altres ajuts:Lorena Alba-Castellón was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from AECC (Spanish Association of Cancer Research, Spain). Antonio Villaverde received an Icrea Academia Award (Spain). Ugutz Unzueta was also supported by Grant PERIS SLT006/17/00093 from la Generalitat de Catalunya (Spain) and Miguel Servet fellowship (CP19/00028). CIBER-BBN (Spain) [CB06/01/1031 and 4NanoMets to Ramon Mangues, VENOM4CANCER to Antonio Villaverde, NANOREMOTE to Esther Vázquez, and NANOSCAPE to Ugutz Unzueta].Loco-regional recurrences and distant metastases represent the main cause of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) mortality. The overexpression of chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in HNSCC primary tumors associates with higher risk of developing loco-regional recurrences and distant metastases, thus making CXCR4 an ideal entry pathway for targeted drug delivery. In this context, our group has generated the self-assembling protein nanocarrier T22-GFP-H6, displaying multiple T22 peptidic ligands that specifically target CXCR4. This study aimed to validate T22-GFP-H6 as a suitable nanocarrier to selectively deliver cytotoxic agents to CXCR4 + tumors in a HNSCC model. Here we demonstrate that T22-GFP-H6 selectively internalizes in CXCR4 + HNSCC cells, achieving a high accumulation in CXCR4 + tumors in vivo, while showing negligible nanocarrier distribution in non-tumor bearing organs. Moreover, this T22-empowered nanocarrier can incorporate bacterial toxin domains to generate therapeutic nanotoxins that induce cell death in CXCR4-overexpressing tumors in the absence of histological alterations in normal organs. Altogether, these results show the potential use of this T22-empowered nanocarrier platform to incorporate polypeptidic domains of choice to selectively eliminate CXCR4 + cells in HNSCC. Remarkably, to our knowledge, this is the first study testing targeted protein-only nanoparticles in this cancer type, which may represent a novel treatment approach for HNSCC patients. The self-assembling protein nanocarrier T22-GFP-H6, that specifically targets CXCR4, was designed to selectively deliver cytotoxic agents to CXCR4 + tumors in a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma model

A Novel CXCR4-Targeted Diphtheria Toxin Nanoparticle Inhibits Invasion and Metastatic Dissemination in a Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mouse Model

Altres ajuts: EU COST Action CA 17140; CB06/01/1031; 4NanoMets; VENOM4CANCER; NANOREMOTE; NANOSCAPE; Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (Spain); AECC (Spanish Association of Cancer Research, Spain); Generalitat de Catalunya: PERIS SLT006/17/00093Loco-regional recurrences and metastasis represent the leading causes of death in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, highlighting the need for novel therapies. Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been related to loco-regional and distant recurrence and worse patient prognosis. In this regard, we developed a novel protein nanoparticle, T22-DITOX-H6, aiming to selectively deliver the diphtheria toxin cytotoxic domain to CXCR4+ HNSCC cells. The antimetastatic effect of T22-DITOX-H6 was evaluated in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model. IVIS imaging system was utilized to assess the metastatic dissemination in the mouse model. Immunohistochemistry and histopathological analyses were used to study the CXCR4 expression in the cancer cells, to evaluate the effect of the nanotoxin treatment, and its potential off-target toxicity. In this study, we report that CXCR4+ cancer cells were present in the invasive tumor front in an orthotopic mouse model. Upon repeated T22-DITOX-H6 administration, the number of CXCR4+ cancer cells was significantly reduced. Similarly, nanotoxin treatment effectively blocked regional and distant metastatic dissemination in the absence of systemic toxicity in the metastatic HNSCC mouse model. The repeated administration of T22-DITOX-H6 clearly abrogates tumor invasiveness and metastatic dissemination without inducing any off-target toxicity. Thus, T22-DITOX-H6 holds great promise for the treatment of CXCR4+ HNSCC patients presenting worse prognosis