DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR GABAPENTIN AND ITS RELATED SUBSTANCES IN CAPSULE DOSAGE FORM AND EXCIPIENT COMPATIBILITY STUDIES

Objective: A simple, accurate, precise, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for gabapentin (GBP) and its related substances in the capsule dosage form and excipient compatibility studies. Methods: The review of literature indicates that various methods have been reported for the estimation of GBP. When some excipients were used for GBP, it produced degradation product called lactam due to the presence of more water content. Hence, a novel RP-HPLC method has been developed for studying excipient compatibility and related substances of GBP in capsule dosage form using excipients such as lactose anhydrous and dried maize starch which is having less water activity. Waters Alliance e2695 separation module with ultraviolet/photodiode array (UV/PDA) detector with Inertsil C8 (250 mm×4.6 mm); 5 μm with an injection volume of 50 μl is injected and eluted with the (gradient program) mobile Phase A buffer: acetonitrile (940:60) and mobile phase B buffer: acetonitrile (700:300) pH 6.9 with 5 N potassium hydroxide which is pumped at a speed of 1.5 ml/min and detected by UV/PDA detector at 210 nm. The peaks of GBP and GBP-related compound A are well separated at 6.7 min and 34.5 min, respectively. Results: The method developed was approved for various parameters such as accuracy, specificity, precision, intermediate precision, range, linearity, robustness, limit of detection, limit of quantification, steadiness, and system suitability according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The results got were according to the acceptance criteria. Conclusion: The technique proposed was assured for detection of related substances in the marketed formulation and could be used for the routine analysis of GBP and GBP-related compound A in the capsule dosage form

Seasonal influence on horn production rate, horn abrasion, and horn quality in the hoof wall of Przewalski horses (Equus ferus przewalskii)

Titelblatt, Inhaltsverzeichnis, Lebenslauf 1\. Einleitung 2\. Literaturubersicht 3\. Material und Methoden 4\. Untersuchungsergebnisse 5\. Diskussion 6\. Zusammenfassung 7\. Summary 8\. Abbildungen 1 8\. Abbildungen 2 8\. Abbildungen 3 8\. Abbildungen 4 8\. Abbildungen 5 8\. Abbildungen 6 8\. Abbildungen 7 9\. Anhang LiteraturverzeichnisAm Ruckenteil der Hufplatte von Przewalskipferden wurden die monatliche Hufhorn-produktion, der monatliche Hornverlust sowie die Qualitat des Kronhornes untersucht. Die erhobenen Befunde wurden zur Darstellung von domestikationsbedingten Veranderungen mit Literaturangaben zu den Gegebenheiten am Huf von Hauspferden sowie mit den Ergebnissen einer zeitgleich am Huf von Warmblutpferden durchgefuhrten Untersuchung (KÖNIG, in Vorb.) verglichen. Zur Ermittlung der Hornbildungsrate und des Hornverlustes wurden an den Hufen von 15 Przewalskipferden Markierungen angebracht, deren monatlicher Distalschub uber einen Zeitraum von zweieinhalb Jahren gemessen wurde. Die fur die untersuchten Wildpferde festgestellten Jahresmittelwerte liegen im Schwankungsbereich der fur verschiedene Hauspferderassen angegebenen Werte. Ein domestikationsbedingter Effekt lasst sich jedoch insofern feststellen, dass bei den im Semireservat gehaltenen Przewalskipferden wesentlich starkere saisonale Schwankungen auftreten als bei domestizierten Pferden. Dieser Unterschied zwischen Haus- und Wildequiden durfte insbesondere auf die unterschiedliche Haltung zuruckzufuhren sein. Sowohl die Hufhornproduktion als auch der Hornverlust sind bei den untersuchten Przewalskipferden im Sommer signifikant hoher als im Winter. Die jahreszeitlichen Unterschiede der Hornbildungsrate sind insbesondere durch die klimatischen Bedingungen (Umgebungstemperatur und Tageslichtlange), aber auch durch die saisonal unterschiedliche Bewegungsaktivitat der Pferde sowie durch das variierende Nahrungsangebot bedingt. Der Hornverlust wird unter anderem durch die jahreszeitlich bedingten Veranderungen hinsichtlich der Bodenbeschaffenheit, der Hufhornqualitat, der Bewegungsaktivitat und des Korpergewichtes der Pferde beeinflusst. Eine Saisonalitat besteht auch bezuglich des Auftretens von Tragrandausbruchen, die bei den in Gefangenschaft gehaltenen Wildpferden einen zusatzlichen Mechanismus zur Regulierung der Huflange bei unzureichendem Hornabrieb darstellen. Fur die Untersuchungen zur Hornqualitat standen die Hufe von 10 Przewalskipferden zur Verfugung, die in Semireservaten oder Zoologischen Garten gehalten wurden. Neben einer physikalisch-technischen Materialprufung wurde auch eine Untersuchung von strukturellen Parametern (Hornarchitektur, inter- und intrazellulare Faktoren) durchgefuhrt. Das Methoden-spektrum umfasste sowohl lichtmikroskopische als auch raster- und transmissionselektronen-mikroskopische Untersuchungsmethoden einschließlich histometrischer, histochemischer sowie immunhistochemischer Techniken. Zusatzlich wurden die inter- und intrazellularen Proteine gelelektrophoretisch aufgetrennt und die Zytokeratine immunochemisch identifiziert. Um den Einfluss der strukturellen Parameter auf die mechanisch-physikalischen Horneigenschaften zu ermitteln, wurden die erhobenen Befunde zur Hornstruktur und die Ergebnisse der Materialprufung in Beziehung zueinander gesetzt. Da sich die Horneigenschaften innerhalb der Schutzschicht erheblich verandern, sind bei vergleichenden Untersuchungen der Hornqualitat von Haus- und Wildequiden einander entsprechende Probeentnahmestellen unabdingbar. Bei Berucksichtigung dieser Voraus-setzung lassen sich im Kronhorn von Warmblut- und Przewalskipferden geringe Unterschiede feststellen. So besitzt das außere Kronhorn der untersuchten Przewalskipferde eine hohere Harte als das der Warmblutpferde. Das Wasseraufnahmevermogen des gesamten Kronhornes ist bei den Przewalskipferden niedriger. Diese Abweichungen der mechanisch- physikalischen Horneigenschaften spiegeln sich in der unterschiedlichen Hornstruktur wider, denn das Kronhorn der Przewalskipferde ist durch kleinere und dichter beieinander stehende Hornrohrchen gekennzeichnet, die außerdem ein geringeres Rinden/Mark- Verhaltnis aufweisen als die entsprechenden Hornrohrchen bei Warmblutpferden. Die Zytoarchitektur der Hornzellen unterscheidet sich insofern, als sich bei den Przewalskipferden stets Reste von Zellkernen nachweisen lassen, wahrend die verhornten Zellen beim Warmblutpferd uberwiegend kernlos sind. Bei der Gegenuberstellung der gelelektrophoretisch aufgetrennten Proteinbanden lasst sich bei Przewalski- und Warmblutpferden zwar ein ahnliches Bandenmuster feststellen, die Farbeintensitat einiger Banden weist jedoch geringe Abweichungen auf. Die genannten Unterschiede der Hornqualitat von Haus- und Wildequiden durften vorwiegend genetisch bedingt und somit durch selektive Zuchtungsmaßnahmen beeinflussbar sein. Ein haltungsbedingter Effekt auf die Hufhornqualitat lasst sich bei den untersuchten Przewalskipferden nicht nachweisen. Sowohl die Hornharte als auch die Hornstruktur (Hornarchitektur und interzellulare Faktoren) variieren bei den untersuchten Przewalskipferden in Abhangigkeit vom Zeitpunkt der Hornbildung. Diese jahreszeitlich bedingten Qualitatsunterschiede, die mit den saisonalen Schwankungen der Hornbildungsrate korrelieren, tragen zum einen zu der Jahresrhythmik des Hornabriebes bei und sind zum anderen fur das Entstehen der Tragrandausbruche mitverantwortlich.The monthly hoof horn production rate, monthly horn loss and the quality of the coronary horn was examined in the dorsal part of the hoof capsule of Przewalski horses. In order to demonstrate alterations induced by domestication, the results of this study were then compared to related data on the hooves of domestic horses in the literature and a concurrent study on the hoof of warm-blooded horses (KÖNIG, in preparation). The horn production rate and the horn loss were measured on the hooves of 15 Przewalski horses. The hooves were marked, and each month the downward movement of the markers towards the distal margin of the hoof capsule was measured over a period of two and a half years. The annual mean values of the examined wild horses lie within the standard variation of the values published for different domestic horse races. But a domestication-related effect can still be detected, because the values of the Przewalski horses, which were kept in a semi-reservate, show more seasonal variations than those of domestic horses. This difference between domestic and wild equides is most likely derived from the different housing condit ions. In the examined Przewalski horses, both the hoof horn production rate as well as the horn loss are significantly higher in the summer than in the winter time. The annual variations of the horn production rate are particularly influenced by the climatic conditions (environmental temperature and length of day light), but also by the differing seasonal locomotory activity of the horses and the varying food supply. The loss of horn, amongst others, is influenced by the seasonal variations in ground conditions, hoof horn quality, locomotory activity and the body weight of the horses. Another seasonality is apparent in the occurrence of broken-out horn chips in the hoof weight bearing margin, acting as an additional mechanism for hoof length regulation in horses which are kept in reservates and thus suffer from insufficient hoof horn abrasion. The horn quality was studied on the hooves of 10 Przewalski horses which were kept in semi-reservates or in zoological gardens. Apart from a material test by mechanical-technical testing devices, an examination of structural parameters (horn architecture, inter- and intracellular factors) was carried out. The range of methods covered light-microscopical and scanning and transmission electron microscopical as well as histometric, histochemical and immuno-histochemical techniques. In addition, the inter- and intracellular proteins were separated by gel-electrophoresis, and the cytokeratins were identified immunochemically. In order to examine the influence of structural parameters on the mechanical-physical horn characteristics, the results on the horn structure were then related to the results gained by the material testing methods. The horn quality differs in the different regions of the coronary horn, therefore a corresponding localisation of sample-taking is the prerequisite for comparative examination of the horn quality of domestic and wild horses. Keeping that in mind, minor differences in the coronary horn of warm-blooded horses and Przewalski are detectable. The outer coronary horn of the examined Przewalski horses is harder than that of warm-blooded horses. In Przewalski horses, all regions of the coronary horn show a lower water- storing-capacity. These differences in the mechanical-physical horn characteristics are reflected by an equally differing horn structure: The coronary horn of Przewalski horses is characterised by smaller and more densely packed horn tubules which additionally show a decreased cortical-medullar ratio compared to the respective horn tubules in warm-blooded horses. Even the cyto-architecture shows differences in both types of horses: in przewalski horses remainders of the cell nuclei are always present, whereas in warm-blooded horses the cornified cells are mostly nuclei-free. Comparing the results of the gel-electrophoresis, Przewalski and warm-blooded horses show a similar protein band pattern, but the staining intensity differs slightly in some protein bands. The mentioned differences in the horn quality of domestic and wild horses are mainly induced by genetic factors and may therefore be influenced by selective breeding. An influence of the housing conditions on the hoof horn quality of Przewalski horses was not detectable in the examined specimens. In the examined Przewalski horses, both horn hardness as well as horn structure (horn architecture and intercellular factors) vary according to the time of horn production. These seasonal variations in hoof horn quality are correlated to the seasonal variations in the horn production rate and contribute to the seasonal rhythm of horn abrasion and are also responsible for the occurrence of broken-out horn chips in the hoof weight bearing margin

VALERIANA JATAMANSI: AN ETHNOBOTANICAL REVIEW

 Objective: The main objective of review is an effort to give detailed information on Valeriana jatamansi and its multiple medicinal properties. Methods: As per the literature, the plant V. jatamansi is a perennial herb and found at subtemperate Himalayan regions of the Kumaon and Garhwal. The plant most popularly known as Valerian.†The plant belongs to the family Valerianaceae. The roots and rhizomes of the plants are traditionally used to treat ulcers, jaundice, dry cough, seminal weakness, skin diseases, leprosy, and for sleep enhancement due to the presence of a variety of different chemical constituents such as sesquiterpenes, coumarins, iridoids, lignanoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. From literature, the reported methods performed for different pharmacological activities have been thoroughly discussed and complied. Results: Most of the studies compiled from literature shown that V. jatamansi possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective activities. Conclusion: The review reveals that continuous research on this plant is needed to know the exact molecular mechanism and further elaborative studies can lead to develop safe therapeutic use in modern medicine

The effects of bioavailable omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, delivered at bedtime, on brain function, sleep, cognition and mood in healthy adults

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are ‘essential’ fatty acids that cannot be manufactured de novo within the body and must be obtained via the diet, with the n-3 PUFAs docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) previously being found to have a wide range of bioactive properties within the body and particularly on brain function. However, in the UK and several other western nations, n-3 PUFA intake is found to fall below government and health organisation guidelines. Although previous research into the effects of n-3 PUFA intake and physiological and psychological outcomes is extensive, the previous research can be criticised for several methodological limitations relating to supplementation lengths, population samples, formulations of the supplements and placing little focus on the bioavailability and uptake of the fatty acids across the supplementation period. Therefore this thesis aimed to address the previous limitations identified within the research area to more accurately examine the effects of both a DHA- and EPA-rich supplement on measures of cerebral blood flow, sleep, memory consolidation, cognition and mood. Chapter 3 describes an intervention study that employs a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) neuroimaging technique capable of measuring gross changes in cerebral haemodynamics across a 26 week supplementation period, a factor missing from the previous research conducted thus far. Chapter 4 describes a 26 week intervention study that measured parameters of sleep via subjective rating scales, actigraphy watches and urinary 6sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s). Chapter 5 describes a novel 26 week intervention study that aimed to measure overnight memory consolidation via completion of learning and recall tasks before and after sleeping. Finally, Chapter 6 describes a 26 week intervention study measuring aspects of episodic memory, working memory, information processing speed, executive function, attention and global cognition. The intervention studies that comprise this thesis include the first investigations that administer self-micro-emulsifying delivery system (SMEDS) formulated DHA- and EPA-rich supplements, designed to increase fatty acid bioavailability, dosed at bed-time, in healthy, young adults aged 25-49. Notably, there is evidence to suggest that supplementation with both the DHA-rich and EPArich treatments show a trend towards reducing the quantities of oxygenated haemoglobin during completion of serial subtraction tasks, interpreted as an increase in neural efficiency. N-3 PUFAs, particularly DHA, also improved objective measurements of sleep whilst the EPArich treatment improved global cognitive function and improved reaction times during both executive functioning and episodic memory tasks. Taken together, these findings suggest that 26 weeks’ n-3 PUFA supplementation is beneficial for a number of psychological and physiological brain parameters in healthy, young adult samples

Triangle mesh duality: reconstruction and smoothing

No abstract availabl

Implementation Of Less Area Inexact Speculative Adder Using Carry Look Ahead Adder

The ISA improves snake performance by dividing the critical path into two or more shorter paths, reducing the strength of pseudo-defects and managing faults through an improved speculative path and versatile bi-directional error compensation technology. Pipelines are the process of shortening the critical path at the expense of the area. The overall structure of the runners improves performance and allows precise control of precision. This paper leads to the next snake-based Contemporary Estimation Theory (ISA) CLA plan, which consists of micropipelins to include two logic gates along their main path, thus enhancing replay activity. In addition, various stages of the ISA architecture have been proposed and the power clock has minimized this scheme. In mod we change Adder, we can replace Brent Kung Adder instead of CLA

LAPORAN INDIVIDU PRAKTIK PENGALAMAN LAPANGAN (PPL) SMK NEGERI 1 JOGONALAN TAHUN AJARAN 2016/2017

Praktik Pengalaman Lapangan(PPL) merupakan mata kuliah lapangan yang wajib diambil oleh seluruh mahasiswa program studi kependidikan di Universitas negeri Yogyakarta. Kegiatan PPL Merupakan kegiatan praktik mengajarn yang dilaksanakan di sekolah. Adanya kegiatan PPL ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tenaga pendidik, khususnya calon guru baik dalam segi kualitas maupun kuantitas. Praktik Pengalaman Lapangan (PPL) telah dilaksanakan praktikan di SMK Negeri 1 Jogonalan selama kurang lebih 2 bulan, terhitung mulai 15 Juli 2016 sampai dengan 15 September 2016. Selama praktik mengajar, praktikan diberi tanggung jawab untuk mengajar kelas XII TKJ , XII AP 1 & 2, XII PM1&PM2 serta mengampu mata diklat Produktif TKJ dengan pokok bahasan membuat desain system keamanan jaringan untuk kelas XII TKJ dan mata diklat KKPI dengan pokok bahasan Mengoperasikan PC dalam jaringan. Selain kegiatan mengajar, praktikan juga melakukan kegiatan lain yang mendukung kegiatan mengajar, yakni menyusun Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP), Prota, Prosem, Analisa Ketergantungan SK/KD, analisa hasil evaluasi siswa dan menyiapkan media pembelajaran. Secara umum, pelaksanaan kegiatan PPL di SMK Negeri 1 Jogonalan berjalan dengan baik dan lancar karena adanya kerjasama yang harmonis dengan beberapa unsur dari sekolah seperti kepala sekolah, guru, karyawan, serta siswa- siswi di SMK Negeri 1 Jogonalan. Meskipun begitu, praktikan tetap menghadapi sedikit hambatan ketika praktik mengajar seperti ketersediaan sarana dan prasarana

Affine-invariant skeleton of 3D shapes

No abstract availabl

Computational intelligent sensor-rank consolidation approach for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).

Continues field monitoring and searching sensor data remains an imminent element emphasizes the influence of the Internet of Things (IoT). Most of the existing systems are concede spatial coordinates or semantic keywords to retrieve the entail data, which are not comprehensive constraints because of sensor cohesion, unique localization haphazardness. To address this issue, we propose deep-learning-inspired sensor-rank consolidation (DLi-SRC) system that enables 3-set of algorithms. First, sensor cohesion algorithm based on Lyapunov approach to accelerate sensor stability. Second, sensor unique localization algorithm based on rank-inferior measurement index to avoid redundancy data and data loss. Third, a heuristic directive algorithm to improve entail data search efficiency, which returns appropriate ranked sensor results as per searching specifications. We examined thorough simulations to describe the DLi-SRC effectiveness. The outcomes reveal that our approach has significant performance gain, such as search efficiency, service quality, sensor existence rate enhancement by 91%, and sensor energy gain by 49% than benchmark standard approaches